Mathematical simulation of fracture of ceramic obstacles in axially symmetric high-velocity impact

In order for computers to communicate with each other over a communication network, a common set of rules has to be agreed on, that specifies the format of the information exchange and the way data exchanged is to be handled by the communicating parts. We refer to this set of rules as a communication protocol. In this article we provide an introduction to communication protocols, starting with a description why correct communication protocols are sometimes difficult to design. We describe in some detail the OSI reference model, the ATM protocol and the very successful TCP/IP protocol suite. We also give particular examples of protocols designed to handle issues related to data link control, flow and congestion control, internetworking, and connection establishment in conventional and in high‐speed networks.

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ModernEthernet Technologies

Lam¹

2003

Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications

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Ethernet has emerged from a multiple access protocol used in a local area environment to a ubiquitous transport technology reaching into metro and wide area networks. The technology and architecture of Ethernet has gone through many changes since it was invented in the 1970s. This paper reviews the latest development of Ethernet technologies. Section 1 introduces the Ethernet development trend. Section 2 reviews the general Ethernet concepts, which include architecture of Ethernet with respect to the OSI reference model, Ethernet MAC frame format, Ethernet addressing schemes, the CSMA/CD protocol and the concept of repeaters. Modern Ethernet is based on a hubbed architecture in which stations are connected to a switch hub. Functions of Ethernet switches are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 covers the development of the Ethernet physical layer and the technologies used to implement Ethernet devices. Section 5 is devoted to 10Gigabit Ethernet which is the latest Ethernet Standard involving advanced fiber optic technologies. In section 6, we discuss the work on Ethernet for the First Mile (EFM) that the IEEE802.3 Standard Group has initiated for the purpose of providing Ethernet services through economical copper and optical fiber access networks. The research work on Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON) has been discussed in detail in this section. Section 7 concludes the paper.

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Mathematical simulation of fracture of ceramic obstacles in axially symmetric high-velocity impact

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