Mating-increases trypsin in female Drosophila hemolymph

Pilpel, Noam; Nezer, Ifat; Applebaum, Shalom W.; Heifetz, Yael

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.11.010

Cited by 62 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The need for several Acps to mediate SP association with sperm also suggests the intriguing possibility that these Acps' action might act as a sort of timer controlling SP's localization. If SP entered the female unbound to sperm, then it therefore initially would be free to cross a permeable part of the female's reproductive tract to enter the female's hemolymph and access targets such as the corpora allata, where it could modulate juvenile hormone synthesis (24)(25)(26). However, later, once the actions of the Acps described here caused the SP to associate with sperm, SP would be present in the sperm- storage organs, from where it could be slowly released to continue maintaining postmating responses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A network of interactions among seminal proteins underlies the long-term postmating response in Drosophila

Ram

Wolfner

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

197

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Despite the importance of seminal proteins in fertility and their capacity to alter mated females' physiology, the molecular pathways and networks through which they act have not been well characterized. Drosophila seminal fluid includes proteins that fall into biochemical classes conserved from insects to mammals, making it an excellent model with which to address this question. Drosophila seminal fluid also contains a ''sex peptide'' (SP, Acp70A) that plays a major role in regulating egg production and mating behavior in females for several days after mating. This long-term postmating response (LTR) initially requires the association of SP with sperm. The LTR also requires members of the conserved seminal protein classes (two lectins, a protease, and a cysteine-rich secretory protein). Here, we show that these seminal proteins function interdependently, regulating a three-step cascade (first, at the level of seminal protein transfer to the female; second, at the level of stability; and third, at the level of localization within females), leading to the normal localization of SP to sperm-storage organs. This localization is, in turn, necessary for successful induction of the LTR. The requirements for manifestation of the LTR in Drosophila establish the paradigm that multiple seminal proteins can exert their actions through a multistep, multicomponent network of interactions.mating response ͉ reproduction ͉ sperm ͉ sperm storage ͉ seminal fluid

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A network of interactions among seminal proteins underlies the long-term postmating response in Drosophila

Ram

Wolfner

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

197

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“…One possible explanation for the inability of SP-MIP peptides to elicit a female postmating response is their inability to pass from the female reproductive tract into the haemolymph (30,31). To test this possibility, we injected varying concentrations of synthetic MIPs into the hemocoel of virgin females.…”

Section: Mips Do Not Trigger Postmating Responses In Drosophilamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). These mutant SP and MIP1 peptides (SP [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] W23A,W32A , MIP1 W2A,W9A ) were completely inactive even in 10 μM concentration (Table 1), suggesting that these residues, and by inference the turn conformations, are critical for SPR activation. Furthermore, an MIP mutant (DmMIP1 3-8A ) carrying Ala-replacements in all residues except the conserved Trp residues retained a strong SPR agonist activity (Table 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

MIPs are ancestral ligands for the sex peptide receptor

Kim

Bartalska

Audsley

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

231

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Upon mating, females of many animal species undergo dramatic changes in their behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, postmating behaviors are triggered by sex peptide (SP), which is produced in the male seminal fluid and transferred to female during copulation. SP modulates female behaviors via sex peptide receptor (SPR) located in a small subset of internal sensory neurons that innervate the female uterus and project to the CNS. Although required for postmating responses only in these female sensory neurons, SPR is expressed broadly in the CNS of both sexes. Moreover, SPR is also encoded in the genomes of insects that lack obvious SP orthologs. These observations suggest that SPR may have additional ligands and functions. Here, we identify myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) as a second family of SPR ligands that is conserved across a wide range of invertebrate species. MIPs are potent agonists for Drosophila, Aedes, and Aplysia SPRs in vitro, yet are unable to trigger postmating responses in vivo. In contrast to SP, MIPs are not produced in male reproductive organs, and are not required for postmating behaviors in Drosophila females. We conclude that MIPs are evolutionarily conserved ligands for SPR, which are likely to mediate functions other than the regulation of female reproductive behaviors.Drosophila | female post-mating behavior | G protein-coupled receptor | neuropeptide | neuromodulation P eptide signaling through G protein-coupled receptors is a widely used mechanism for reversibly modulating the behavioral output of innate neural circuits (for review see ref. 1). A prominent example of peptidergic modulation of behavior is the regulation of female reproductive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster by the male's sex peptide (SP). SP is a small peptide present in the male seminal fluid. Upon mating, SP is transferred to the female, where it triggers dramatic changes in reproductive and other behaviors (2, 3). These behavioral modifications typically last for about a week, the period for which the female is able to store and use sperm from the initial mating (for review see ref. 4). Within females, SP is thought to activate a specific G protein-coupled receptor (SPR) (5) in a small set of internal sensory neurons of the female reproductive tract (6, 7). Signaling by SP and SPR is essential for the modulation of female behavior as these changes do not occur if the male lacks SP (8, 9) or the female lacks SPR (5).The modulation of female reproductive behavior in response to SP (and its closely related homolog DUP99B) (10, 11) is currently the only known role of SPR. Nonetheless, several lines of evidence have hinted that SPR may have other ligands and possibly also other functions. First, SPR is broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system (5), yet it is required only in reproductive tract sensory neurons for the postmating behavioral switch (6, 7). Second, SPR is also expressed in the central nervous system of males (5), where it is not likely to be exposed to SP. Third, orthologs of SPR are clearly d...

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“…Similarly, variation in amounts of stored sperm could affect retention of SP. SP is actively cleaved from sperm within the female (Monsma et al, 1990), and so interactions between female enzymes that cleave SP (Pilpel et al, 2008) or male enzymes that inhibit enzyme activity (Wolfner et al, 1997) could also dramatically alter the measureable amounts of SP in the female reproductive tract relative to male SP expression levels. Here, we tried to minimise the effect of female variation by using females from the same genetic isoline for all our tests.…”

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confidence: 99%

The consequences of genetic variation in sex peptide expression levels for egg laying and retention in females

et al. 2012

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The accessory gland proteins (Acps) that male Drosophila melanogaster produce and transfer to females during copulation are key to male and female fitness. One Acp, the sex peptide (SP), is largely responsible for a dramatic increase in female egg laying and decrease in female receptivity after copulation. While genetic variation in male SP expression levels correlate with refractory period duration in females, it is unknown whether male SP expression influences female egg laying or if any effect of SP is mediated by SP retention in the female reproductive tract. Here we measured the amount of SP retained in the female reproductive tract after mating and female egg laying after copulating with virgin males. We found no correlation between male SP expression levels and egg laying, or the amount of SP in the female reproductive tract after mating. Additionally, the amount of SP retained in the female did not influence egg laying. These finding suggests that additional factors, such as variation in other Acps, are important for the retention of SP in females and its quantitative effects on egg laying. It also shows that egg laying and refractory period response to SP is at least partially uncoupled.

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Mating-increases trypsin in female Drosophila hemolymph

Cited by 62 publications

References 64 publications

A network of interactions among seminal proteins underlies the long-term postmating response in Drosophila

A network of interactions among seminal proteins underlies the long-term postmating response in Drosophila

MIPs are ancestral ligands for the sex peptide receptor

The consequences of genetic variation in sex peptide expression levels for egg laying and retention in females

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