Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-guided visualization analysis of intestinal absorption of acylated anthocyanins in Sprague-Dawley rats

Acylated anthocyanins: A review on their bioavailability and effects on postprandial carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation

“…Passive diffusion of the unstable aglycone did not occur regardless of its high lipophilicity (Hassimotto et al, 2008). The transport mechanism of the nonacylated anthocyanin glycosides to the enterocytes may involve the brush-border glucose transporter GLUT2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 (Faria et al, 2009;Hahm et al, 2021;Hassimotto et al, 2008;Mülleder et al, 2002;Zou et al, 2014). in vivo, Mülleder et al showed evidence of the intestinal glucose transportation system in healthy volunteers as a simultaneous consumption of glucose and elderberry extract rich in cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside resulted in a lower excretion of anthocyanins into the urine when compared to the extract alone (Mülleder et al, 2002).…”

“…Also, acylated anthocyanins may permeate the intestinal barrier as investigated with purple carrot anthocyanins and Caco-2 cells in vitro, but their transport efficiency was lower than that of nonacylated anthocyanins (Olejnik et al, 2016). Interestingly, a recent study showed that both nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins from purple carrots may be absorbed from rat jejunum via an organic anion transporting polypeptide transporter, but the acylated anthocyanins were not absorbed by GLUT2 (Hahm et al, 2021). On the contrary, another study showed that glucose transporters may be involved in the transport of acylated anthocyanins, as glucose inhibited the absorption of acylated purple sweet potato anthocyanins in vitro (Oliveira, Perez-Gregório, et al, 2019).…”

Effect of Acylated Sugar Chain Terminals on the Intestinal Absorption of Large Molecular, Heavenly Blue Anthocyanin in Rats

“…It was reported that a typical non-acylate anthocyanin, Cy3G, is transported by intestinal glucose transporter 2 (GULT-2) in Caco-2 cells 12) and organic anion transport polypeptide (OATP) in rat intestinal membrane experiments. 13) In contrast, cyanidin 3…”

“…galactopyranoside derived from purple carrot was transported via OATP alone and GULT-2 mediated transport was not involved. 13) The terminal feruloyl moiety of arabinoxylan oligosaccharide inhibits its GLUT-2 mediated transport in Caco-2 cells, 14) although, inhibition of GULT-2 by the inside feruloyl moieties on the acyl sugar chain was not clarified. Similarly, terminal acyl moieties, including -C, -Caf, and -feruloyl residues, attached to the acylated sugar chains of acylated anthocyanins may inhibit the intestinal GLUT-2 mediated transport of acylated anthocyanins.…”

Anthocyanins Recovered from Agri-Food By-Products Using Innovative Processes: Trends, Challenges, and Perspectives for Their Application in Food Systems

“…These acylated molecules can be used as natural colorant agents, especially in juices and water-based systems with pH lower than 3 [ 174 , 176 ]. Furthermore, acylated anthocyanins showed high resistance to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion compared to less complex anthocyanins from red wine [ 177 , 178 ]. This improves the bioavailability of anthocyanins and, as a consequence, their beneficial health effects.…”