Matrix M^TMadjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine induces balanced Th1/Th2 CD4⁺T cell responses in man

CD4+ T Follicular Helper Cells in Human Tonsils and Blood Are Clonally Convergent but Divergent from Non-Tfh CD4+ Cells

“…The number of HA-specific clones generated from the cTfh CXCR3 + and cNon-Tfh compartments was also much higher than that generated from the cTfh CXCR3pool. The CD4 + CXCR3 + bias in the HA-specific response is in line with previous reports (Palladino et al, 1991;Pedersen et al, 2014;Valkenburg et al, 2018;Velu et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2013;Yoon et al, 2018;Zielinski et al, 2011). Notably, in one of the 3 donors studied, the TCR sequences of blood-derived HAspecific cTfh CXCR3 + clones were found in the tTfh CXCR3 + repertoire, supporting a common clonal origin of antigen-specific Tfh cells in tonsils and the circulation.…”

CD4+T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in human tonsil and blood are clonally convergent, but divergent from non-Tfh CD4+cells

“…The number of HA-specific clones generated from the cTfh CXCR3 + and cNon-Tfh compartments was also much higher than that generated from the cTfh CXCR3pool. The CD4 + CXCR3 + bias in the HA-specific response is in line with previous reports (Palladino et al, 1991;Pedersen et al, 2014;Valkenburg et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2013;Yoon et al, 2017;Zielinski et al, 2011). Notably, in one of the 3 donors studied, the TCR sequences of blood-derived HA-specific cTfh CXCR3 + clones were found in the tTfh CXCR3 + repertoire, supporting a common clonal origin of antigen-specific Tfh cells in tonsil and the circulation.…”

Pulmonary Delivery of Virosome-Bound Antigen Enhances Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Proliferation Compared to Liposome-Bound or Soluble Antigen

“…This may have consequences if the pulmonary route is utilized for novel vaccination strategies, as concentration of virosome-bound antigen may be kept to a minimum, yet still generate a robust adaptive immune response. Though several studies showed a Th1 polarization after virosome stimulation (34, 84, 85), this did not occur in our in vivo model. Specifically targeting DCs to modulate CD4 + T cell responses may represent a promising approach to treat allergic asthma where an enhanced Th2 response frequently leads to IgE production (IL-4), eosinophilia (IL-5), mast cell activation (IL-9), and AHR (IL-13) (86, 87).…”