“…Previous studies have shown that OSA is associated with increased risks of several vision-threatening and nonthreatening ocular disorders, including senile cataract, normal tension glaucoma, retinal ischemia, conjunctival hyperemia, and dry eye [ 23 ]. Several contributory mechanisms to the ocular complications of OSA have been reported, including intermittent hypoxia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammatory responses (such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8,tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-Reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), selectins), sympathetic system overaction, damage effects of endothelin-1, and disruption of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) ( Table 1 ) [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In addition, OSA-mediated chronic upregulation of systemic inflammation may provoke both ocular and non-ocular complications, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, which may cause further ocular abnormalities [ 27 , 28 ].…”