Maturation and germination of somatic embryos as affected by sucrose and plant growth regulators in soybeans Glycine gracilis Skvortz and Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Abstract

The effects of sucrose on maturation and of plant growth regulators on germination of soybean somatic embryos were investigated for the purpose of developing an efficient culture method for plant recovery. Somatic embryos produced on medium with a low sucrose concentration (5 g 1-1), less than 1 mm in length, 0.6 mg in fresh weight, and green in color, were grown for 2 weeks on MS medium containing 5 g 1-~ or 30 g 1-1 sucrose and then for another 5 weeks on MS medium containing 5 -90 g 1-1 sucrose. The highest increase in fresh weight of somatic embryos was obtained in the treatment of transferring from 30 g 1-1 sucrose (2 weeks) to 60 g 1-1 (5 weeks). With the increase in fresh weight, the somatic embryos gradually changed color from green to yellow, and finally to white, when they stopped growth. Soybean seed storage proteins (/3-conglycinin and glycinin) were accumulated in somatic embryos under tissue specific and stage specific control analogous to that in zygotic embryos. Exogenous gibberellic acid was effective in promoting precocious germination of premature soybean somatic embryos, but was not necessary for the germination of mature somatic embryos. The efficiency of somatic embryo germination was as high as 77% from semi-wild soybean and 60-64% from cultivated soybeans, showing that the plant regeneration system developed in this study was efficient and practical.

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in soybean: physicochemical factors influencing the development of somatic embryos

“…Interestingly, in most research on somatic embryogenesis in the soybean this was the concentration used and the reason why modified MS medium was termed N10 (Lazzeri et al, 1985;Hartweck et al, 1988; Parrot et al, 1988Parrot et al, , 1989Komatsuda et al, 1991;Dahmer et al, 1991;Mauro et al, 1994Mauro et al, , 1995aNóbrega, 1996). Considering the best auxin concentration (10 mg/l NAA) and the behavior of each cultivar within auxin concentrations (Table IV), cultivar influence on embryo formation can be seen, confirming the results obtained by Komatsuda and Okyama (1988), Parrot et al (1989), Calvo (1989), Komatsuda et al (1992), Mauro et al (1995b) and Nóbrega (1996). Thus, cultivars IAS-5, FT-Cometa and BR-16 were the most embryogenic, as also observed by Ferreira et al (1990), Bodanese-Zanetini et al (1993) and Droste et al (1993).…”

Somatic embryogenesis in peanut: Influence of growth regulators and sugars

“…Maltose was not beneficial for somatic embryogenesis in the present study, although in Medicago sativa, it induced the highest embryo yield (Strickland et al 1987). Sucrose at 6% produced the best results in peanut, while in soybean lower concentrations were more beneficial (Lazzeri et al 1988, Komatsuda et al 1992). …”

Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis in Mango Ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)

“…A change in strength directly influenced the formation and maturation of somatic embryos (Komatsuda et al 1992). In C. amada, somatic embryogenesis was better on half-strength MS medium (Soundar Raju et al 2013).…”