Maturation and plasticity in the olfactory system of vertebrates

Brunjes, Peter C.; Frazier, Lauren L.

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(86)80188-3

Cited by 96 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…4E and F). As similar differences in the immunoreactivity were observed in adults (results not shown) and neurogenesis of AOB precedes that of the MOB (Hinds, 1968a;Brunjes and Frazier, 1986), it suggests that the low density in the VNNL and GlL of the AOB is not related to age but to the peculiarities in the organization of the mentioned layers.…”

Section: Discussion Techniques and Methodologysupporting

confidence: 78%

General organization of the perinatal and adult accessory olfactory bulb in mice

et al. 2006

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The vomeronasal system is currently a topical issue since the dual functional specificity, vomeronasal system-pheromones, has recently been questioned. Irrespective of the tools used to put such specificity in doubt, the diversity of the anatomy of the system itself in the animal kingdom is probably of more importance than has previously been considered. It has to be pointed out that a true vomeronasal system is integrated by the vomeronasal organ, the accessory olfactory bulb, and the so-called vomeronasal amygdala. Therefore, it seems reasonable to establish the corresponding differences between a well-developed vomeronasal system and other areas of the nasal cavity in which putative olfactory receptors, perhaps present in other kinds of mammals, may be able to detect pheromones and to process them. In consequence, a solid pattern for one such system in one particular species needs to be chosen. Here we report on an analysis of the general morphological characteristics of the accessory olfactory bulb in mice, a species commonly used in the study of the vomeronasal system, during growth and in adults. Our results indicate that the critical period for the formation of this structure comprises the stages between the first and the fifth day after birth, when the stratification of the bulb, the peculiarities of each type of cell, and the final building of glomeruli are completed. In addition, our data suggest that the conventional plexiform layers of the main olfactory bulb are not present in the accessory bulb. Anat Rec Part A, 288A: 1009-1025, 2006. 2006 Key words: vomeronasal system; accessory olfactory bulb; growth; anatomy; mouseOdors are detected in the majority of mammals by means of two systems, the main olfactory system (MOS) and the vomeronasal system (VNS) (Halpern, 1987;Brennan, 2001;Halpern and Martínez-Marcos, 2003), which, despite some differences, basically share a common pattern of organization (Mori, 1987). Each consists of a sensory epithelium, two olfactory bulbs, and different telencephalic structures. This similarity results in the olfactory information being processed in a like manner in both systems, although there are also some specific morphological differences, and at molecular level different genes are involved in the transduction mechanism (Buck and Axel, 1991;Dulac and Axel, 1995;Mombaerts, 1999).The main olfactory (MOB) and the accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB), which are the first relay stations in each system, play a key role in the physiological mechanism of olfaction. Within the bulbs, glomeruli organize the corresponding input and output information

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Section: Discussion Techniques and Methodologysupporting

confidence: 78%

General organization of the perinatal and adult accessory olfactory bulb in mice

et al. 2006

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“…This feature is linked to the existence of precursor cells in the basal layer of the olfactory neuroepithelium, which assure a continuous neurogenesis throughout life (Caggiano et al, 1994;Calof et al, 1998). However, among the different cell types existing in the olfactory mucosa (basal cells, supporting cells and receptor neurons at different maturation stages; Brunjes and Frazier, 1986;Calof et al, 1998; Fig. 1), the expression of carnosine is restricted to the mature olfactory receptor neurons, as confirmed by double labelling with specific immunocytochemical markers (Margolis, 1972).…”

Section: Structural Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…For a long time these receptors were considered as a unique neuronal population capable of intense cell renewal, including a continuous growth of their axonal processes directed to the olfactory bulb (for review see Graziadei and Monti Graziadei, 1978;Brunjes and Frazier, 1986). This feature is linked to the existence of precursor cells in the basal layer of the olfactory neuroepithelium, which assure a continuous neurogenesis throughout life (Caggiano et al, 1994;Calof et al, 1998).…”

Section: Structural Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain

Bonfanti

Peretto

Marchis

et al. 1999

Progress in Neurobiology

190

107

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-Carnosine and structurally related dipeptides are a group of histidine-containing molecules widely distributed in vertebrate organisms and particularly abundant in muscle and nervous tissue. Although many theories have been proposed, the biological function(s) of these compounds in the nervous system remains enigmatic. The purpose of this article is to review the distribution of carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain, with particular reference to some cell populations wherein these molecules have been demonstrated to occur very recently. The high expression of carnosine in the mammalian olfactory receptor neurons led to infer that this dipeptide could play a role as a neurotransmitter/modulator in olfaction. This prediction, which has not yet been fully demonstrated, does not explain the localization of carnosine-related dipeptides in other cell types, such as glial and ependymal cells. A recent demonstration of high carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the subependymal layer of rodents, an area of the forebrain which shares with the olfactory neuroepithelium the occurrence of continuous neurogenesis during adulthood, supports the hypothesis that carnosine-related dipeptides could be implicated in some forms of structural plasticity. However, the particular distribution of these molecules in the subependymal layer, along with their expression in glial/ependymal cell populations, suggests that they are not directly linked to cell migration or cell renewal. In the absence of a unified theory about the role of carnosine-related dipeptides in the nervous system, some common features shared by different cell populations of the mammalian brain which contain these molecules are discussed.

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“…Second, we wanted to confirm the role of group III mGluRs in this synaptic depression throughout development. Although the olfactory system undergoes major postnatal developmental changes in cell number and circuitry [4], the mitral/tufted cell projection via the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) to the aPCX is present and functional near birth [7,15,16], and rats are reliant on olfactory information for survival from birth [17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of cortical synaptic depression underlying olfactory sensory gating in the rat

Thompson

Best

Wilson

2005

Developmental Brain Research

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Sensory gating is the ability to filter irrelevant or redundant sensory input and is a critical function of all sensory systems that allows efficient processing of important stimuli. The present results demonstrate that a form of activity-dependent synaptic depression recently found to be involved in both cortical and behavioral olfactory sensory gating, is functional by at least the first postnatal week in the rat piriform cortex, and shares a common metabotropic glutamate receptor mechanism. KeywordsMetabotropic glutamate receptor; Piriform cortex; Synaptic depression; Sensory gating; Autism Sensory gating is the ability to filter irrelevant or redundant sensory input and is a critical function of all sensory systems that allows efficient processing of important stimuli. Sensory gating abnormalities have been described in several clinical disorders including autism and autism spectrum disorder [9,12,13], Fragile X syndrome [8], and schizophrenia [11]. Acute disruption of sensory gating could lead to reduced habituation, repetitive behaviors or thoughts, or general cognitive decline. However, tonic disruption of sensory gating, especially during early development, could produce more dramatic effects on both neural architecture and local circuit function. For example, given the importance of synaptic competition in shaping cortical circuit structure and function [14], a disruption of adaptation and sensory gating early in development could lead to abnormal dendritic pruning and/or cell survival.Our recent work in rats suggests that intense activation of mitral/tufted cell pre-synaptic terminals in the piriform cortex induces two forms of synaptic depression that may contribute to olfactory cortical sensory gating. One very rapidly recovering (<20 s) depression appears to be mediated by transmitter depletion, while a second intermediate duration (<2 min) depression is mediated by pre-synaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). The mGluR-mediated mechanism underlies both piriform cortical and behavioral short-term adaptation (sensory gating) to odors. Specifically, the infusion of the group II/III mGluR antagonist (RS)-α-Cyclopropyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (CPPG) into the anterior piriform cortex (aPCX) blocks both cortical and behavioral odor adaptation, without disrupting normal odor responses [2,3]. CPPG antagonizes pre-synaptic group III mGluRs on mitral/tufted cell axons projecting to the piriform cortex and blocks activity-dependent intermediate duration synaptic depression at this synapse.In our efforts to develop a model of developmental sensory gating disorders, the present experiments served two purposes. First, although behavioral odor habituation is expressed to a similar extent and time course throughout development [6,7], we wanted to confirm that the . In all procedures described below, a concentric bipolar stainless steel stimulating electrode was placed on the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) and field potentials were recorded from layer I of the aPCX using tungsten microele...

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Maturation and plasticity in the olfactory system of vertebrates

Cited by 96 publications

References 0 publications

General organization of the perinatal and adult accessory olfactory bulb in mice

General organization of the perinatal and adult accessory olfactory bulb in mice

Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain

Ontogeny of cortical synaptic depression underlying olfactory sensory gating in the rat

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