Maturation of a<i>Trypanosoma Brucei</i>Infection to the Infectious Metacyclic Stage Is Enhanced in Nutritionally Stressed Tsetse Flies : Table 1

Akoda, K.; Bossche, Peter Van Den; Lyaruu, Eugene; Deken, R. De; Marcotty, Tanguy; Coosemans, Marc; Abbeele, Jan Van Den

doi:10.1603/033.046.0629

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…These results have previously been discussed in the context of potentially using transgenic approaches to modulate tsetse fly vector competence (Hao et al, 2001). A deficit in mammal blood meal availability, and other environmental factors, can also cause nutritional stress in a tsetse population; in addition to making tsetse flies significantly more susceptible to midgut infection, these factors boost the maturation of midgut infections (Akoda et al, 2009a). These examples illustrate how external factors, which do not depend on the trypanosome or tsetse fly, can modify their association.…”

Section: Developmental and Immune Responses In The Trypanosome-tsetsementioning

confidence: 78%

Adult blood-feeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in sub-Saharan Africa

2014

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The tsetse fly vector transmits the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, responsible for Human African Trypanosomiasis, one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Despite a recent decline in new cases, it is still crucial to develop alternative strategies to combat this disease. Here, we review the literature on the factors that influence trypanosome transmission from the fly vector to its vertebrate host (particularly humans). These factors include climate change effects to pathogen and vector development (in particular climate warming), as well as the distribution of host reservoirs. Finally, we present reports on the relationships between insect vector nutrition, immune function, microbiota and infection, to demonstrate how continuing research on the evolving ecology of these complex systems will help improve control strategies. In the future, such studies will be of increasing importance to understand how vector-borne diseases are spread in a changing world.

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Section: Developmental and Immune Responses In The Trypanosome-tsetsementioning

confidence: 78%

Adult blood-feeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in sub-Saharan Africa

2014

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“…It seems possible that this threshold may vary with fly/trypanosome combination and will thus require some preliminary experiments if new combinations are used. The parasitaemia of the host may contribute to the probability of infection under natural conditions, but possibly only if the number of parasites ingested is either extremely high or very low [10], [43] and/or depending on the development phase of the parasite within the host [44], [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina

2011

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The teneral phenomenon, as observed in Glossina sp., refers to the increased susceptibility of the fly to trypanosome infection when the first bloodmeal taken is trypanosome-infected. In recent years, the term teneral has gradually become synonymous with unfed, and thus fails to consider the age of the newly emerged fly at the time the first bloodmeal is taken. Furthermore, conflicting evidence exists of the effect of the age of the teneral fly post eclosion when it is given the infected first bloodmeal in determining the infection prevalence. This study demonstrates that it is not the feeding history of the fly but rather the age (hours after eclosion of the fly from the puparium) of the fly when it takes the first (infective) bloodmeal that determines the level of fly susceptibility to trypanosome infection. We examine this phenomenon in male and female flies from two distinct tsetse clades (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina palpalis palpalis) infected with two salivarian trypanosome species, Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei brucei and Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense using Fisher's exact test to examine differences in infection rates. Teneral tsetse aged less than 24 hours post-eclosion (h.p.e.) are twice as susceptible to trypanosome infection as flies aged 48 h.p.e. This trend is conserved across sex, vector clade and parasite species. The life cycle stage of the parasite fed to the fly (mammalian versus insect form trypanosomes) does not alter this age-related bias in infection. Reducing the numbers of parasites fed to 48 h.p.e., but not to 24 h.p.e. flies, increases teneral refractoriness. The importance of this phenomenon in disease biology in the field as well as the necessity of employing flies of consistent age in laboratory-based infection studies is discussed.

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“…Studies have shown that transmission success between tsetse and mammalian host can be high (e.g. [65–67]) under laboratory conditions, while Rogers [68] employs a compartmentalised modelling approach which sets the value to 62%. As the presented model, for simplicity, models only successful bites (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Host Agent-Based Model for a Zoonotic, Vector-Borne Disease. A Case Study on Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Province, Zambia

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThis paper presents a new agent-based model (ABM) for investigating T. b. rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis (rHAT) disease dynamics, produced to aid a greater understanding of disease transmission, and essential for development of appropriate mitigation strategies.MethodsThe ABM was developed to model rHAT incidence at a fine spatial scale along a 75 km transect in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. The method offers a complementary approach to traditional compartmentalised modelling techniques, permitting incorporation of fine scale demographic data such as ethnicity, age and gender into the simulation.ResultsThrough identification of possible spatial, demographic and behavioural characteristics which may have differing implications for rHAT risk in the region, the ABM produced output that could not be readily generated by other techniques. On average there were 1.99 (S.E. 0.245) human infections and 1.83 (S.E. 0.183) cattle infections per 6 month period. The model output identified that the approximate incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) was lower amongst cattle owning households (0.079, S.E. 0.017), than those without cattle (0.134, S.E. 0.017). Immigrant tribes (e.g. Bemba I.R. = 0.353, S.E.0.155) and school-age children (e.g. 5–10 year old I.R. = 0.239, S.E. 0.041) were the most at-risk for acquiring infection. These findings have the potential to aid the targeting of future mitigation strategies.ConclusionABMs provide an alternative way of thinking about HAT and NTDs more generally, offering a solution to the investigation of local-scale questions, and which generate results that can be easily disseminated to those affected. The ABM can be used as a tool for scenario testing at an appropriate spatial scale to allow the design of logistically feasible mitigation strategies suggested by model output. This is of particular importance where resources are limited and management strategies are often pushed to the local scale.

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Maturation of aTrypanosoma BruceiInfection to the Infectious Metacyclic Stage Is Enhanced in Nutritionally Stressed Tsetse Flies : Table 1

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Adult blood-feeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in sub-Saharan Africa

Adult blood-feeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota and the fluctuating environment in sub-Saharan Africa

Post Eclosion Age Predicts the Prevalence of Midgut Trypanosome Infections in Glossina

A Multi-Host Agent-Based Model for a Zoonotic, Vector-Borne Disease. A Case Study on Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Province, Zambia

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