Mature Biofilm Degradation by Potential Probiotics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans versus Lactobacillus spp.

Abstract

The biofilm degradation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is essential as a complete periodontal disease therapy, and here we show the effects of potential probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. for the biofilm of several serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. Eight of the 13 species showed the competent biofilm degradation of ≥ 90% reduction in biofilm values in A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 (serotype b) as well as four of the seven species for the biofilm of A. actinomycetemcomitans OMZ 534 (serotype e). In contrast, the probiotic bacteria did not have a big impact for the degradation of A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 75 (serotype a) biofilm. The dispersed A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 cells through the biofilm detachment were still viable and plausible factors for the biofilm degradation were not due to the lactic acid and low pH conditions. The three enzymes, protease, lipase, and amylase may be responsible for the biofilm degradation; in particular, lipase was the most effective enzyme for the biofilm degradation of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 along with the protease activity which should be also important for the other serotypes. Remarkable lipase enzyme activities were detected from some of the potential probiotics and a supporting result using a lipase inhibitor presented corroborating evidence that lipase activity is one of the contributing factors for biofilm degradation outside of the protease which is also another possible factor for the biofilm of the other serotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. On the other hand, the biofilm of A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 75 (serotype a) was not powerfully degraded by the lipase enzyme because the lipase inhibitor was slightly functional for only two of potential probiotics.

Mitigation of the Toxic Effects of Periodontal Pathogens by Candidate Probiotics in Oral Keratinocytes, and in an Invertebrate Model

“…In this respect, we observed an antagonistic effect of the probiotics against the periodontopathogens in in vitro tests, where A. actinomycetemcomitans was inhibited to the greatest extent. Previous studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of this bacterium to probiosis both in vitro (Jaffar et al, 2016(Jaffar et al, , 2018 and in vivo (Morales et al, 2018). However, protection of the waxworm could also be conferred by host-dependent mechanisms.…”

Removal of Staphylococcus aureus from skin using a combination antibiofilm approach

“… 24 In other studies the effect of pH on biofilm formation was not as pronounced, with other metabolites such as enzymes having a greater effect in particular on well-established communities. 39 Regardless of the exact mechanism by which probiotics act against S. aureus in this case, it is important to emphasize that the use of an antiseptic such as alcohol is still essential after probiotic treatment because it has broad spectrum, tuberculocidal, fungicidal and veridical 40 properties. The combination physical removal and probiotic intervention reported here is an additional method to reduce pathogenic bacterial burden and by itself does not have adequate broad spectrum properties to ensure safe skin penetration.…”

Traditionally used herbal medicines with antibacterial effect on Aggegatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: Boswellia serrata and Nigella sativa

“…However, it has been shown to be unable to fully remove the bacterial biofilm. [ 29 ] In this regard, different strategies have been introduced; photodynamic therapy with either chemical photosensitizer or herbal ones,[ 30 ] adjunctive use of systematic antibiotics,[ 31 ] oxygen high-level laser therapy[ 32 ] and potential probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp, with biofilm degradation of ≥90% reduction[ 33 ] are amongst these treatments.…”