“…Correspondingly, the solar wind accelerates planetary ions via the electromagnetic forces, such as motional electric fields (Barabash et al., 1991; C. Dong et al., 2014; Fang et al., 2008), Hall electric fields (Dubinin et al., 2011; Lundin, 2011), and ambipolar electric fields (e.g., Collinson et al., 2019; Y. J. Ma et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2021). In addition, localized intense crustal fields complexify the Martian magnetosphere and affect ion escape (e.g., Connerney et al., 2005; C. Dong et al., 2015; Y. Dong et al., 2015; Fang et al., 2010; Ramstad et al., 2016; C. Zhang et al., 2021).…”