Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) as a Pioneer of Modern Hygiene and Preventive Medicine

Locher, Wolfgang G.

doi:10.1265/ehpm.12.238

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The importance of adequate ventilation for health and wellbeing has been recognized as early as the mid-nineteenth century when Max von Pettenkofer recommended a maximum CO 2 level of 0.1% or 1000 ppm for indoor spaces (Locher 2007). The same maximum level is currently recommended for classrooms in Germany (UBA 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of CO2 monitoring data demonstrates poor ventilation rates in Albanian schools during the cold season

Hänninen

Canha

Kulinkina

et al. 2017

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Poor ventilation in schools is associated with accumulation of indoor-generated pollutants, which is associated with Bstuffy^air, elevated risk of infectious diseases and impaired learning outcomes. This survey in Albania was conducted as part of WHO's efforts to facilitate assessments of indoor air quality and other environmental factors in schools in the European Region. The survey was conducted in 36 classrooms in 12 middle schools (eight urban and four rural) from December 2011 through March 2012. In each school, carbon dioxide (CO 2) was continuously measured in three classrooms during one school week. Ventilation rates during classes were estimated using the build-up and steady-state mass balance equations utilizing CO 2 concentration data, classroom occupancy and classroom volume. All 12 schools had gravimetric ventilation systems. Heating systems were absent or not operational in most schools. Average classroom temperatures during lessons varied from 9.1 to 14.4°C (median 11.7°C) with lower temperature associated with poorer ventilation. Weekly average CO 2 levels during classes ranged from 1286 to 5546 ppm (median 2776 ppm) while average ventilation rates ranged from 0.8 to 3.6 (median 1.8) litres per second per person. Classrooms with indoor combustion heaters had higher indoor temperature, lower CO 2 levels and higher levels of carbon monoxide (CO). WHO guidelines on 1-and 8-h CO exposure levels were exceeded in one classroom. Classroom CO 2 levels were substantially above and ventilation rates below existing national and international guidelines. Detrimental impacts of poor ventilation on health and learning outcomes are likely to be substantial in Albanian schools during the cold season. Indoor temperature in most classrooms was below the commonly recommended levels.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of CO2 monitoring data demonstrates poor ventilation rates in Albanian schools during the cold season

Hänninen

Canha

Kulinkina

et al. 2017

Air Qual Atmos Health

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“…In efforts to battle cholera outbreaks, Max von Pettenkofer, the "founder of modern hygienic science," made important contributions to public health, including "promotion of sanitary reforms, adequate pressurized water supply, and a sufficient sewage network." [6] The scientific achievements of the 19 th century in understanding the roles of microbes as the causes of infectious diseases were followed by major technological developments throughout the 20 th century to prevent and treat infectious disease. A prime example is the use of chemical disinfection for municipal drinking water, building on seminal investigations of disinfection kinetics [7] and chemistry [8].…”

Section: Infectious Agents Other Microbiologic Stressors and Exposumentioning

confidence: 99%

Embracing microbes in exposure science

Nazaroff

2018

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Although defined more broadly, exposure science has mainly focused on exposures to environmental chemicals and related stressors, such as airborne particulate matter. There is an opportunity for exposure science to contribute more substantially to improving public health by devoting more attention to microorganisms as key stressors and agents in exposure. The discovery that pathogenic microbes cause disease in humans precipitated a revolution in public health science and disease prevention. With a continued global urgency to address spread of pathogenic microbes, contributions of microorganisms to both infectious and noninfectious processes merit more attention from the exposure science community. Today, discoveries of the importance of the human microbiome as a determinant of health and disease are precipitating a second revolution. Emerging knowledge creates a major opportunity to expand the scope of exposure science to incorporate the human microbiome as a target and modulator of exposure. A study committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has defined a research strategy to address health risks that pertain to the interaction of environmental chemicals with the human microbiome. Some aspects of this strategy pose important challenges and opportunities for the exposure science community.

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“…In fact, 'to attribute the quality of contagion to cholera, it would have been necessary to recognise an unusual species in it that was concomitant in this disease'. This important discovery was completely ignored by the European scientific community, influenced at the time by the localist/contagionist theory of the leading German scientist Max von Pettenkoffer, who believed cholera was an airborne disease caused by a combination of three factors: a germ, the local and seasonal conditions and a constitutional predisposition to infection (Locher, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The dawn of medical microbiology: germ hunters and the discovery of the cause of cholera

Tognotti

2011

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) as a Pioneer of Modern Hygiene and Preventive Medicine

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Analysis of CO2 monitoring data demonstrates poor ventilation rates in Albanian schools during the cold season

Analysis of CO2 monitoring data demonstrates poor ventilation rates in Albanian schools during the cold season

Embracing microbes in exposure science

The dawn of medical microbiology: germ hunters and the discovery of the cause of cholera

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