“…innovations had to be supported either by a fetwa, which could almost always be obtained in a particular case, sometimes in good faith and sometimes through trickery, or by the disputatious casuistry of the several competing orthodox schools. (Rheinstein 1964: 241) 9 …”
Section: Weber's Characterization Of Islammentioning
confidence: 99%
“…may thus well stand in the way of the interests of the bourgeois classes and it may indeed be said that England achieved capitalistic supremacy among the nations not because but rather in spite of its judicial system. (Rheinstein 1964: 230–1)…”
Section: Weber's Characterization Of Islammentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A close reading of Weber suggests this final interpretation (W i thesis). While occidental bourgeois strata preferred formal rational law, oriental patrimonial rulers ‘are better served’ by substantive qadi justice which represents ‘the likelihood of absolute arbitrariness and subjective instability’ (Rheinstein 1964: 229).…”
Section: Weber's Characterization Of Islammentioning
“…innovations had to be supported either by a fetwa, which could almost always be obtained in a particular case, sometimes in good faith and sometimes through trickery, or by the disputatious casuistry of the several competing orthodox schools. (Rheinstein 1964: 241) 9 …”
Section: Weber's Characterization Of Islammentioning
confidence: 99%
“…may thus well stand in the way of the interests of the bourgeois classes and it may indeed be said that England achieved capitalistic supremacy among the nations not because but rather in spite of its judicial system. (Rheinstein 1964: 230–1)…”
Section: Weber's Characterization Of Islammentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A close reading of Weber suggests this final interpretation (W i thesis). While occidental bourgeois strata preferred formal rational law, oriental patrimonial rulers ‘are better served’ by substantive qadi justice which represents ‘the likelihood of absolute arbitrariness and subjective instability’ (Rheinstein 1964: 229).…”
Section: Weber's Characterization Of Islammentioning
“…Instead, we need a mechanism through which individuals can learn to improve their strategies over time. If we enable individuals to compare themselves to others, and adopt more successful strategies, then we can take a learning interpretation of the evolutionary mechanism [40], without needing to remove and replicate individuals. However, this learning interpretation requires that the private strategies of individuals are available for observation by other agents, which is again an unreasonable assumption.…”
Norms provide a valuable mechanism for establishing coherent cooperative behaviour in decentralised systems in which there is no central authority. One of the most influential formulations of norm emergence was proposed by Axelrod [2]. This paper provides an empirical analysis of aspects of Axelrod's approach, by exploring some of the key assumptions made in previous evaluations of the model. We explore the dynamics of norm emergence and the occurrence of norm collapse when applying the model over extended durations. It is this phenomenon of norm collapse that can motivate the emergence of a central authority to enforce laws and so preserve the norms, rather than relying on individuals to punish defection. Our findings identify characteristics that significantly influence norm establishment using Axelrod's formulation, but are likely to be of importance for norm establishment more generally. Moreover, Axelrod's model suffers from significant limitations in assuming that private strategies of individuals are available to others, and that agents are omniscient in being aware of all norm violations and punishments. Because this is an unreasonable expectation, the approach does not lend itself to modelling real-world systems such as online networks or electronic markets. In response, the paper proposes alternatives to Axelrod's model, by replacing the evolutionary approach, enabling agents to learn, and by restricting the metapunishment of agents to cases where the original defection is observed, in order to be able to apply the model to real-world domains. This work
“…Le modèle à « responsables peu nombreux » typique des systèmes de type Westminster, offre aux ministères et aux départements la structure la plus proche de la conception wébérienne de l'administration (Gerth et Mills, 1958 ;Rheinstein, 1968). Dans les systèmes de ce genre, et de façon stylisée, un seul responsable, le ministre, est chargé de la politique à suivre et prend des décisions à ce sujet sur la base des informations que lui fournissent des fonctionnaires de carrière professionnels et impartiaux.…”
Section: Pressions Particulières En Faveur De La Réactivité Politiqueunclassified
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
