Maxillary alveolar ridge reconstruction with monocortical fresh-frozen bone blocks: A clinical, histological and histomorphometric study

Graft incorporation and implant osseointegration following the use of autologous and fresh‐frozen allogeneic block bone grafts for lateral ridge augmentation

“…Indeed, in a recent case series report of similarly performed maxillary alveolar ridge augmentations, a gradual decrease in the amount of necrotic bone (NcB) from 6 to 9 months post-operatively was observed (61% to 41%, respectively) (Acocella et al 2012). Nevertheless, complete incorporation/remodeling throughout an AL graft has yet to be reported, and low long-term success rates of oral implants inserted in AL augmented jaws have been reported (Carinci et al 2010).…”

Presence of Cells in Fresh-Frozen Allogeneic Bone Grafts from Different Tissue Banks

“…Allogeneic bone is considered a second line treatment option for grafting, due mainly to its osteoconductive properties (15) and high implant survival rates (16,17). The antigenicity and immune response associated with allogenic bone grafts remain poorly understood (8,18) and so, largely controversial.…”

“…There are several options available for allogeneic grafting, which include fresh frozen bone, fresh lyophilized bone and demineralized lyophilized bone (16). The antigenicity of the graft may be reduced by manipulation of the material so that it is well tolerated and the risk of cross-infection is minimized.…”

Surgical Techniques for Augmentation in the Horizontally and Vertically Compromised Alveolus

“…2 One particular study demonstrated no significant antigenicity in an allograft transplantation present for 30 years. 8 Some studies state that after processing an allogenic bone graft, because of better screening of donors, there is a 1 in 8,000,000 chance of the graft being infected with HIV 8,9 and that the effective rate of transmission is approximately 1 in 1,600,000 grafts, rendering the risk extremely low. 2 Xenografts, like allografts, have been in use for some time and, like allografts, the main reasons for their use are to reduce donor site morbidity, increase the available quantity, and provide greater simplicity of procurement and use.…”