Maximal aerobic power, lactate threshold, and running performance in master athletes

Wiswell, R. A.; Jaque, S. Victoria; Marcell, Taylor J.; Hawkins, Steven A.; Tarpenning, Kyle M.; Constantino, Nora; Hyslop, D. M.

doi:10.1097/00005768-200006000-00021

Cited by 59 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Despite the evidence that men and women age similarly in the physiological factors that influence endurance performance (Joyner 1993;Wiswell et al 2000), several investigations have found that sex differences in marathon performance increase with advancing age (Hunter and Stevens 2013;Lepers and Cattagni 2012). The present investigation indicated that female participants obtained a running time in the marathon <20 % higher than male participants of the same age.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…Before or after this age range, endurance running performance decreases. While it is well established that aging progressively reduces VO 2max while the lactate threshold as a percentage of VO 2max and running economy are probably unaffected by this process (Tanaka et al 1997;Wiswell et al 2000;Quinn et al 2011), it is unclear why younger marathon participants obtain a decreased performance, in comparison to the age of maximal performance. Figure 1 suggests the existence of a "maturation" process for marathon performance, although this effect might be related to training (young athletes typically compete over shorter distances) rather than a biological explanation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems that the pattern of endurance performance reduction is very similar in both elite and non-elite athletes (Joyner 1993). Regarding the three main physiological determinants of distance running performance (e.g., VO 2max , lactate threshold, and running economy (Joyner et al 2011)), scientific data confirm a progressive reduction of VO 2max with increasing age (Tanaka et al 1997), while lactate threshold as a percentage of VO 2max (Wiswell et al 2000) and running economy (Quinn et al 2011) are not primarily decreased by age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Men have a higher VO 2max (Wiswell et al 2000), greater hemoglobin content (Stray-Gundersen et al 2001), and a greater muscle mass per unit of body weight (Cheuvront et al 2005) that confer on them the capacity to run faster in endurance events. However, running economy and lactate threshold as a percentage of VO 2max do not appear to be different between men and women (Wiswell et al 2000). In general, aging lessens endurance running performance in both male and female participants, although the magnitude of this decline with advancing age is greater in female than in male participants (Lepers and Cattagni 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between age and running time in elite marathoners is U-shaped

Lara

Salinero

2014

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Several investigations have demonstrated that running performance gradually decreases with age by using runners >25 years grouped in 5-year age brackets. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between race time in marathon and age in elite marathoners by including all ages and 1-year intervals. Running times of the top ten men and women at 1-year intervals (from 18 to 75 years) in the New York City marathon were analyzed for the 2010 and 2011 races. Gender differences in performance times were analyzed between 18 and 70 years of age. The relationship between running time and runner's age was Ushaped: the lowest race time was obtained at 27 years (149±14 min) in men and at 29 years (169±17 min) in women. Before this age (e.g., 27 years for men and 29 years for women), running time increased by 4.4±4.0 % per year in men and 4.4±4.3 % per year in women. From this age on, running time increased by 2.4±8.1 % per year in men and 2.5±9.9 % per year in women. The sex difference in running time remained stable at~18.7 ±3.1 % from 18 to 57 years of age. After this, sex difference progressively increased with advancing age. In summary, endurance runners obtained their best performance in the marathon at 27 years in men and 29 in women. Thus, elite marathon runners should program their long-term training to obtain maximal performance during their late 20s.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between age and running time in elite marathoners is U-shaped

Lara

Salinero

2014

AGE

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“…It has been well-established that maximal oxygen uptake (V O2max) is an important physiological variable given it sets the upper limit for aerobic metabolism [1] and predicts endurance performance amongst untrained groups [2,3] . However, in a highly-trained population (i.e.…”

Section: Introduction To the Research Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences and training adaptations in relation to the lactate threshold and endurance exercise performance

Fisher¹

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The second lactate threshold (LT2) has long been associated with endurance performance in trained endurance athletes. In Australia, the state institutes and academies of sport utilise the modified maximum deviation (D-max) method to determine LT2 in endurance athletes for the purpose of establishing training intensities and indicating whether athletes are appropriately adapting to training loads. For LT2 methods to be considered valid, it had been suggested that strong associations with simulated endurance performance and the maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) are required. Although research has established a strong relationship between the modified D-max and endurance performance, there are gaps in the literature which this thesis aims to investigate. iii appropriate measurement of ovarian hormones. Therefore, the second study extended study one, to explore the same experimental aims, in endurance-trained women (n = 12) whilst controlling for ovarian hormone concentrations through the use of hormonal contraceptives. When comparing to the men's results from study one, power output and V O2 at LT2 were also found to be significantly correlated with 40 km cycling performance in endurance-trained women. Additionally, combining maximal (peak power output and V O2max) and fractional utilisation (V O2 and power output at LT2) variables produced the strongest prediction of performance in women (r 2 = 0.87) and men (r 2 = 0.95). In women, VT2 was significantly higher than LT2 for all variables measured, despite no differences observed for the men. More women (73%) than men (50%) completed 30 min of cycling and elicited a steady-state [La -] at their LT2 power output, despite LT2 being significantly higher than the self-selected power output during a 40 km cycling time trial in women.The final study examined the sensitivity of the modified D-max LT2 to adapt to a brief highintensity interval training (HIIT) intervention in already-endurance trained men (n = 9) and women (n = 8). Although not significant, women (but not men) showed a trend towards LT2 power output improvement (2.2%; p = 0.08) post-HIIT. Mean 40 km time trial performance significantly improved in both men (-1.7%) and women (-2.6%), with no difference in the magnitude of change between sexes. Furthermore, although LT2 power output explained 77% of the improvement in 40 km cycling performance in women, none of the measured variables explained the performance improvement in men, suggesting that mechanisms other than those responsible for the LT2 were involved. The LT2-performance relationship was intensity-dependent in both men and women, shown by significant correlations at post-HIIT but not baseline. Some of the sex-related differences may, at least in part, be explained by the influence of oestradiol, perhaps by the exacerbation of the sex-based differences in substrate metabolism and subsequent effects on [La -] and fatigue, and/or greater cardiovascular stress in men than women.Collectively, these studies improve understanding of the modifie...

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