Maximal performance at altitude and on return from altitude in conditioned runners.

Buskirk, E. R.; Kollias, James; Akers, R F; Prokop, E.; Reategui, E P

doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.23.2.259

Cited by 166 publications

(103 citation statements)

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“…These findings correspond to those published on the course of the acclimatisation process in adults (Suchý, 2012;Suchý, Pernica, & Opočenský, 2014). The classic studies of Buskirk, Kollias, Akers, Prokop, and Reategui (1967) or Daniels and Oldridge (1970) state a drop in performance for very good adult endurance athletes in a test for 1 mile at an altitude of 2200 m ASL on the first ten days of altitude ranging from 8 to 15%. Wilber (2004) summarises the results of newer studies on the issue in adults: "The drop in aerobic performance in top endurance athletes in the first days at altitude ranges between 2 and 28% and VO 2 max falls 14 to 29% in comparison with lowland data".…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Usefulness of training camps at high altitude for well-trained adolescents

Suchý¹,

Opočenský²

2015

Acta Gymnica

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13staying and training at higher altitudes stem from the differing physical and climate conditions compared to low altitudes. Particularly for endurance sports, altitude training is considered one of the basic methodological factors for developing sports performance. The reason why it holds such significance today (despite certain difficulties) is the search for further (legal) ways to increase the effectiveness of training practices commonly applied in at low altitude.A whole range of studies showing the positive influence of altitude training on physiological and biochemical indicators and improved performance in top adult athletes have been conducted over the past IntroductionThe use of lower partial air pressure has long been one of the most frequent legal options for increasing sports performance in adult athletes, primarily for endurance sports. Lower partial air pressure can be induced naturally (through higher altitudes) or artificially (e.g. using special tents or barochambers). The demands of Objective: Opinions on the suitability of sports training at altitudes of 1800-2200 m above sea level (ASL) for increasing performance in youth are not unanimous. The objective of this study was to test the influence of a ten day altitude training camp on performance in well-trained adolescent cross-country skiers. Methods: A running test of 3 × 2 km (aerobic, anaerobic and critical intensity) was used with a rest interval of 10 minutes. The test was performed 4 times -an initial test at a lowland (900 m ASL) prior to departure for altitude, two tests at altitude (1850 m ASL), a final test ten days after returning to lower altitudes. The aerobic, anaerobic and critical load intensities were set by graded a load test. For all individual tests, the participants maintained the same heart rate individually defined for the various segments using a heart rate monitor. Changes in speed between the tests were compared. The body's internal response was also monitored by the concentration of lactate (2 and 8 minutes after each exertion). Participants: Well-trained adolescent cross-country skiers (N = 11, age: 14.4 ± 1.2 years, weight: 54.4 ± 8.6 kg, height: 170 ± 7 cm, fat: 13 ± 2.6%). Results: The average times attained in the first altitude test for aerobic and anaerobic load were higher (p < .05) than in the entry test at low altitude. In the second altitude test the average times for all intensities were significantly (p < .05) higher than in the first altitude test. In the tests after returning to the lower altitudes the times attained for all intensities were on average higher than at altitude. The average lactate concentration levels following the various intensities were similar (p > .05). The dynamics of the cool-down monitored via the lactate value at the eighth minute after completing the relevant segment showed that at altitude the adolescents cooled down significantly (p < .05) slower rate following the aerobic and anaerobic intensity than at low altitude. For critical intensity there was no statistically signi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Usefulness of training camps at high altitude for well-trained adolescents

Suchý¹,

Opočenský²

2015

Acta Gymnica

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“…In addition, because maximal oxygen uptake is reduced during hypoxic exercise (Buskirk et al, 1967;Faulkner et al, 1968;Terrados et al, 1985;Gore et al, 1997), oxygen flux through skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise is also reduced. The concept of symmorphosis, as elaborated by Hoppeler and Weibel (1998), argues that for any system, such as the respiratory chain for oxygen transport, the maximal capacity of each parameter is adjusted quantitatively to match the structural and functional limits of the demands placed on the system as a whole.…”

Section: Levinementioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy

Levine

2002

High Altitude Medicine & Biology

161

142

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LTITUD E TRAINING has been used frequently by endurance athletes to enhance performance. However, not all athletes or teams have the resources to travel to high altitude environments on a regular basis. Moreover, issues such as availability of adequate training facilities have limited the use of mountain-based altitude training. In the last few years, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of techniques designed to "bring the mountain to the athlete." Nitrogen houses, hypoxia tents, and special breathing apparatuses to provide inspired hypoxia at rest and during exercise, all have been developed and promoted to simulate what are perceived as the critical elements of altitude training.Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) refers to the discontinuous use of normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia, in an attempt to reproduce some of these key features of altitude acclimatization, with the ultimate goal to improve sea-level athletic performance. In general, IHT can be divided into two different strategies: (1) providing hypoxia at rest with High Alt Med Biol. 3:177-193, 2002.-Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) refers to the discontinuous use of normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia, in an attempt to reproduce some of the key features of altitude acclimatization, with the ultimate goal to improve sea-level athletic performance. In general, IHT can be divided into two different strategies: (1) providing hypoxia at rest with the primary goal being to stimulate altitude acclimatization or (2) providing hypoxia during exercise, with the primary goal being to enhance the training stimulus. Each approach has many different possible application strategies, with the essential variable among them being the "dose" of hypoxia necessary to achieve the desired effect. One approach, called living high-training low, has been shown to improve sea-level endurance performance. This strategy combines altitude acclimatization (2500 m) with low altitude training to ensure high-quality training. The opposite strategy, living low-training high, has also been proposed by some investigators. The primacy of the altitude acclimatization effect in IHT is demonstrated by the following facts: (1) living high-training low clearly improves performance in athletes of all abilities, (2) the mechanism of this improvement is primarily an increase in erythropoietin, leading to increased red cell mass, V O 2max , and running performance, and (3) rather than intensifying the training stimulus, training at altitude or under hypoxia leads to the opposite effect-reduced speeds, reduced power output, reduced oxygen flux-and therefore is not likely to provide any advantage for a well-trained athlete.

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“…4) (Kuhne, 1877;Bert, 1878;Loeb, 1896;Zuntz et al, 1906;Buskirk et al, 1966Buskirk et al, , 1967Jackson and Sharkey, 1988;West, 1990;Küpper, 2006). Since most work performed at altitude is of limited load on the human body [estimated 0.5-1.0 W kg À1 body weight, (Küpper, 2006)], this effect does not limit most of the previously described activities at altitude.…”

Section: Extreme Short Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Work in Hypoxic Conditions-Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA MedCom)

Küpper

Milledge

Hillebrandt³

et al. 2011

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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Objectives: The Commission gives recommendations on how to provide health and safety for employees in different kinds of low oxygen atmospheres. So far, no recommendations exist that take into account the several factors we have outlined in this report.Methods: The health and safety recommendations of several countries were analysed for their strength and deficiencies. The scientific literature was checked (Medline, etc.) and evaluated for relevance of the topic. Typical situations of work in hypoxia were defined and their specific risks described. Specific recommendations are provided for any of these situations.Results: We defined four main groups with some subgroups (main risk in brackets): short exposure (pressure change), limited exposure (acute altitude disease), expatriates (chronic altitude disease), and high-altitude populations (re-entry pulmonary oedema). For healthy unacclimatized persons, an acute but limited exposure down to 13% O 2 does not cause a health risk. Employees should be advised to leave hypoxic areas for any break, if possible. Detailed advice is given for any other situation and pre-existing diseases.Conclusions: If the specific risk of the respective type of hypoxia is taken into account, a pragmatic approach to provide health and safety for employees is possible. In contrast to other occupational exposures, a repeated exposure as often as possible is of benefit as it causes partial acclimatization. The consensus statement was approved by written consent in lieu of a meeting in July 2009.

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Maximal performance at altitude and on return from altitude in conditioned runners.

Abstract: Muximal performance at altitude and on rbturn f rum altitude in conditioned runners. J. Appl. Ph ysiol. 23 (2) : 259-266. I 967.-Maximal aerobic capacity as measured by the maximal oxygen intake

Cited by 166 publications

References 0 publications

Usefulness of training camps at high altitude for well-trained adolescents

Usefulness of training camps at high altitude for well-trained adolescents

Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy

Work in Hypoxic Conditions-Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA MedCom)

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