Maximal Sustained Levels of Energy Expenditure in Humans during Exercise

Cooper, Jamie A.; Nguyen, Donald H.; Ruby, Brent C.; Schoeller, Dale A.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31822430ed

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The elite athlete is an example of maximum sustained energy expenditure while maintaining energy balance [3]. Endurance athletes, like Tour de France participants consume energy-dense carbohydrate-rich foods and liquid formulas in order to compete at top level [4].…”

Section: Basics In Clinical Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise, energy balance and body composition

Westerterp

2018

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. Combining the results from 23 exercise training studies in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, varying in duration from 2 to 64 weeks, showed an average initial energy imbalance of about 2 MJ/day with an exponential decline to nearly zero after about 1 year. A compensatory increase in energy intake is the most likely explanation for the lower than expected effect of exercise on energy balance. Overall, exercise training results in a healthier body composition as reflected by a reduction of body fat, especially in overweight and obese subjects, with little or no long-term effect on body weight.

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Section: Basics In Clinical Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise, energy balance and body composition

Westerterp

2018

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…In humans, except at the extreme levels of endurance performance, 12, 13 BMR comprises the largest proportion of TDEE (~60–70%). BMR is measured after a period of rest and fasting (10–12 hr.…”

Section: Components Of Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of exercise on non‐exercise physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults

Melanson

2017

Obesity Reviews

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Summary It is widely assumed that structured exercise causes an additive increase in physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). However, the common observation that exercise often leads to a less than expected decrease in body weight, without changes in energy intake, suggests that some compensatory behavioral adaptations occur. A small number of human studies have shown that adoption of structured exercise can lead to decreases in PAEE, which is often interpreted as a decrease in physical activity (PA) behavior. An even smaller number of studies have objectively measured PA, and with inconsistent results. In animals, high levels of imposed PA induces compensatory changes in some components of TDEE. Recent human cohort studies also provide evidence that in those at the highest levels of physical activity, TDEE is similar when compared to less physically active groups. The objective of this review is to summarize the effects of structured exercise training on PA, sedentary behavior, PAEE, and TDEE. Using models from ecological studies in animals and observational data in humans, an alternative model of TDEE in humans is proposed. This model may serve as a framework to investigate the complex and dynamic regulation of human energy budgets.

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“…It has become the gold standard for human energy requirement under daily living conditions (FAO/WHO/UNU 1985, 2004). Further applications include energy cost of clinical conditions (Van der Kuip et al 2007), activity costs in relation to body mass (Prentice et al 1996) and age (Speakman and Westerterp 2010), and under extreme conditions like endurance exercise (Westerterp et al 1986; Cooper et al 2011) and at high altitude (Westerterp et al 1992). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doubly labelled water assessment of energy expenditure: principle, practice, and promise

2017

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The doubly labelled water method for the assessment of energy expenditure was first published in 1955, application in humans started in 1982, and it has become the gold standard for human energy requirement under daily living conditions. The method involves enriching the body water of a subject with heavy hydrogen (2H) and heavy oxygen (18O), and then determining the difference in washout kinetics between both isotopes, being a function of carbon dioxide production. In practice, subjects get a measured amount of doubly labelled water (2H218O) to increase background enrichment of body water for 18O of 2000 ppm with at least 180 ppm and background enrichment of body water for 2H of 150 ppm with 120 ppm. Subsequently, the difference between the apparent turnover rates of the hydrogen and oxygen of body water is assessed from blood-, saliva-, or urine samples, collected at the start and end of the observation interval of 1–3 weeks. Samples are analyzed for 18O and 2H with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The doubly labelled water method is the indicated method to measure energy expenditure in any environment, especially with regard to activity energy expenditure, without interference with the behavior of the subjects. Applications include the assessment of energy requirement from total energy expenditure, validation of dietary assessment methods and validation of physical activity assessment methods with doubly labelled water measured energy expenditure as reference, and studies on body mass regulation with energy expenditure as a determinant of energy balance.

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Maximal Sustained Levels of Energy Expenditure in Humans during Exercise

Cited by 31 publications

References 28 publications

Exercise, energy balance and body composition

Exercise, energy balance and body composition

The effect of exercise on non‐exercise physical activity and sedentary behavior in adults

Doubly labelled water assessment of energy expenditure: principle, practice, and promise

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