“…On the individual level, studies have indicated that parental mediation can be related to demographic variables, such as the age and gender of the parents (Kirwil, Garmendia, Garitaonandia, & Martínez Fernández, 2009;Sonck, Nikken, & de Haan, 2013); the parents' education ; the age and gender of the children (Eastin, Greenberg, & Hofschire, 2006;Livingstone & Helsper, 2008); the household socioeconomic status (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008); and the family size (Sonck et al, 2013). Parental mediation is also associated with the parents' perceptions of their children's digital skills (Livingstone, Ólafsson, et al, 2017); the level of the child's (Lee & Chae, 2012) and the parents' media literacy (Mendoza, 2009); the level of the parents' digital skills (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008); the child's motivation to use media; the frequency of media use in the family (Lee & Chae 2007;Livingstone & Helsper, 2008); and the parents' views on the various effects of media content on their children (Sonck et al, 2013). On the socio-cultural level, studies have indicated that parental mediation of their children's internet use is affected by the culture of their country (i.e., countries' individualistic or collectivistic values; Kirwil, 2009) and their country's level of welfare (Kalmus & Roosalu, 2012).…”