“…However, the most commonly used are fractional short or open-circuit (FSC, FOC) [7,8], perturb and observe (P&O) [9][10][11], voltage-and current-based MPPT [12], incremental conductance (Inc-Cond) [13][14][15], extremum seeking control (ESC) [16][17][18][19], sliding mode control (SMC) [20][21][22][23], current sweep (CS) [24], and fuzzy logic control (FLC) [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Smart and advanced computing techniques such as eagle strategy control (ESC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), neural network control (NNC), and genetic algorithms (GAs) have also been commonly used in the last few years [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Each method of these existing algorithms is characterized by its complexity in hardware implementation, convergence speed, the sensors required, the sensed parameters, and the cost.…”