Maymun Çiçeği Virüsüne Karşı Antiviral Yaklaşım ve Bağışıklık

Abstract

Human monkeypox is a zoonotic infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV), a member of the Orthopox genus in the family Poxviridae among the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses. It was first described in a nine-month-old baby in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Since that time, Poxviridae have resulted in five epidemics in Central and West Africa, and sometimes in Europe and North America. Human infections in endemic regions have been described in association with close contact through hunting and skinning infected animals and or rodent infestations in the home. Human-to-human transmission has also been described in home contacts of index cases, particularly among those not vaccinated against smallpox. Transmission occurs through saliva, respiratory secretions, cutaneous lesions, bodily fluids, or contaminated objects. An increase in hosts susceptible to monkeypox has been observed following the eradication of smallpox and after routine smallpox vaccination. The smallpox vaccine is estimated to provide 85% protection against monkeypox disease.
 
 MPV disease resolves with medical treatment in the majority of cases. Clinical care and support therapy must be provided in order to ameliorate symptoms and reduce complications. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms involving fluid loss, such as vomiting and diarrhea, require oral or intravenous fluid therapy. Appropriate agent-specific antibiotic therapy must be given in case of secondary bacterial infection. Treatment can also be considered for monkeypox infection in atypical regions (such as the mouth, eyes, and genital region).
 
 Various medications have been investigated, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. Antivirals thought to be potentially efficacious include tecovirimat (TCV), brincidofovir (BCV), and cidofovir (CDV). Although some experts may recommend dual TCV and CDV therapy in patients with severe disease, TCV is currently the preferred treatment.
 
 There are currently two vaccines capable of reducing the risk of MPV disease. Vaccination within 14 days of contact is recommended for individuals with high-risk exposure. Post-expose vaccination is not indicated for individuals with low-risk exposure.