McCollough effects as conditioned responses? Reply to Allan and Siegel.

Skowbo, D.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.394

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It has also been reported that when perceptually ambiguous patterns are used as test figures, the perceived color depends upon how the pattern is organized (Jenkins & Ross, 1977;Jordan & Uhlarik, 1983;Meyer & Phillips, 1980;Milewski, Iaccino, & Smith, 1980;Uhlarik, Pringle, & Brigell, 1977). Such demonstrations are controversial, and some investigators have failed to obtain color aftereffects based on imagined grids (Broerse & Crassini, 1980, 1981b, 1984 or pattern organization (Broerse & Crassini, 1981a, 1986. The results of our experiments, which illustrate color aftereffects contingent on words, but not on orthographically legitimate nonwords, are congenial with findings that suggest that cognitive factors are involved in the induction of contingent color aftereffects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Color aftereffect contingent on text

Allan

Siegel

Collins

et al. 1989

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During adaptation, two different letter strings (each five or six letters) were presented to subjects alternately, one in green and the other in magenta. The extent to which these letter strings subsequently elicited a color aftereffect was assessed. In different experiments, the chromatic letter strings consisted of words and nonwords. The results indicated that letter strings that form English words can contingently elicit a color aftereffect. This was the case even when the words were anagrams. There was no evidence that nonword letter strings could contingently elicit such an aftereffect, even when the nonwords conformed to English orthography. The results are relevant to understanding other contingent color aftereffects

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Color aftereffect contingent on text

Allan

Siegel

Collins

et al. 1989

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This procedure is analogous to decreasing the contingency between the CS and UCS in Pavlovian conditioning, which is known to decrementally affect conditioning in a variety of situations (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). These results, then, provide no evidence for the conditioning analysis of the ME, and are consistent with Skowbo's (1984Skowbo's ( , 1986) conclusion that conditioning is irrelevant to the phenomenon. This conclusion, however, is in marked contrast to abundant evidence indicating parallels between the ME and learning (Allan & Siegel, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…As a resultof the pairingof the CS (lined grid) with the DCS (color) a conditioned response (CR) develops so that the adaptive response of the visualsystem to the color is evoked by the lined grid. (p. 615) There is considerable controversy as to the associative status of the ME (Allan & Siegel, 1986;Skowbo, 1984Skowbo, , 1986. One finding that has been seen as contrary to an associative analysis of the phenomenon is the failure to demonstrate that it is decremented by reducing the conThis research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the McMaster University Science and Engineering Research Board.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Contingency and the McCollough effect

Siegel

Allan

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

According to a Pavlovian conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (the McCollough effect), orientation stimuli become associated with simultaneously presented chromatic stimuli. This account suggests that decreasing the contingency between the putative conditional stimulus (grid orientation) and the unconditional stimulus (color)should decrease the strength of the aftereffect. In the present experiment, the effect of presentations of achromatic grids and/or homogeneous chromatic stimuli between presentations of chromatic grids was evaluated. Although interpolated achromatic grid presentations did decrease the magnitude of the McCollough effect, interpolated chromatic stimuli had no effect on the magnitude of the phenomenon. The results are discussed in terms of current research concerning the selective associability of certain categories of conditional and unconditional stimuli, and differences in the development of associations between simultaneously (compared with successively) presented conditional and unconditional stimuli.Orientation-contingent color aftereffects, originally reported by McCollough (1965), are readily demonstrated. During a training period of several minutes, an observer inspects two patterns that alternate every few seconds. For example, one pattern could consist of black horizontal bars on a green background and the other pattern could consist of black vertical bars on a magenta background. Following such training, complementary color aftereffects contingent on bar orientation are noted. In the above example, the achromatic background of horizontal bars would appear pinkish and the achromatic background of vertical bars would appear greenish.A number of investigators (e.g., Allan & Siegel, 1986; Bonnet, 1975; Bonnett, LeGall, & Lorenceau, 1984;Murch, 1976; Schmidt, Pinette, & Finke, 1978;Siegel & Allan, 1985; Skowbo, Timney, Gentry, & Morant, 1975;Westbrook & Harrison, 1984) have suggested that the McCollough effect (ME) is a phenomenon of classical conditioning. According to Murch (1976), The lined grid in inspection functions as a conditioned stimulus (CS) while color functions as the unconditioned stimulus (DCS). As a resultof the pairingof the CS (lined grid) with the DCS (color) a conditioned response (CR) develops so that the adaptive response of the visualsystem to the color is evoked by the lined grid. (p. 615)There is considerable controversy as to the associative status of the ME (Allan & Siegel, 1986;Skowbo, 1984Skowbo, , 1986. One finding that has been seen as contrary to an associative analysis of the phenomenon is the failure to demonstrate that it is decremented by reducing the con- tingency between the putative CS and UCS. Skowbo and Forster (1983) reported that the addition of homogeneous chromatic stimuli (presumably equivalent to UCSalone presentations) to the sequence of usual grid-pluscolor McCollough patterns did not have a significant influence on the size of the ME. Inasmuch as interpolated UCS-alone presentations often decrement the s...

show abstract

“…The CR is in the form of a negative color AE, which can be elicited by subsequent presentation of the CS (achromatic test pattern) alone. It is important to bear in mind, as Skowbo (1986) pointed out, that although certain characteristics of MEs may be similar to those of conditioning, this does not imply that MEs are actually CRs. This same caveat about functional similarity is equally applicable to neural adaptation models.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been an ongoing debate about the adequacy of each model to explain the wealth of empirical data on the ME (Allan & Siegel, 1986;McCarter & Silver, 1977;Murch, 1976;Skowbo, 1984Skowbo, , 1986. The neural model attributes MEs to the adaptation of units in the visual system that are assumed to be tuned for both color and orientation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%