Crocobelonite, CaFe2 3+ (PO4)2O, is a new natural oxyphosphate discovered in the pyrometamorphic complexes of the Hatrurim Formation in Israel and Jordan. Crocobelonite-bearing assemblages contain a series of anhydrous Fe-Ni phosphates, hematite, diopside, anorthite, and phosphidesbarringerite Fe2P, transjordanite Ni2P, murashkoite FeP, halamishite Ni5P4, and negevite NiP2.Crocobelonite forms submillimeter-sized aggregates of prismatic to acicular crystals of saffron-red to pinkish-red colour. There are two polymorphic modifications of the mineral whose structures are interrelated by the unit-cell twinning. Crocobelonite-2O is orthorhombic, Pnma, a 14.2757(1), b 6.3832(1), c 7.3169(1) Å, V 666.76(1) Å 3 , Z = 4. This polymorphic modification is isotypic with synthetic oxyphosphates AV 3+ 2(PO4)2O where A = Ca, Sr, Cd. The crystal structure has been refined to RB = 0.71% based on the powder XRD data, using the Rietveld method and the input structural model obtained from the single-crystal study. Chemical composition (electron microprobe, wt.%) is: CaO 16.03, MgO 0.56, Fe2O3 43.37, Al2O3 0.33, SiO2 0.32, P2O5 39.45, Total 100.06. The empirical formula based on O = 9 apfu is Ca1.02(Fe 3+ 1.94Mg0.05Al0.02)2.01(P1.98Si0.02)2.00O9.00 with Dcalc. = 3.555 g cm -3 . The strongest lines of powder XRD pattern [d(Å)(I)(hkl)] are: 6.54(16)(200), 5.12(26)(201), 3.549(100)(102), 3.200(50)(401), 2.912(19)(220), 2.869(40)(411), 2.662(21)(501). Crocobelonite-1M is monoclinic, P21/m, a 7.2447(2), b 6.3832(1), c 7.3993(2) Å, β 106.401(2)°, V 328.252(14) Å 3 , Z = 2. This polymorphic modification does not have direct structural analogues. Its crystal structure has been solved and refined based on the single-crystal data to R1 = 1.81%. Chemical composition is: CaO 15.56, MgO 0.16, NiO 0.78, Fe2O3 41.28, Al2O3 0.45, V2O3 0.42, Cr2O3 0.23, TiO2 0.79, P2O5 39.94, Total 99.61, corresponding to the empirical formula (O = 9 apfu) Ca0.99(Fe 3+ 1.85Ni0.04Ti0.04Al0.03V 3+ 0.02Cr0.01Mg0.01)2.00P2.01O9.00 with Dcalc. = 3.604 g cm -3 . The strongest lines of powder XRD pattern [d(Å)(I)(hkl)] are: 6.98(17)(100), 4.40(22)(101), 3.547(100)(-201), 3.485(21)(200), 3.195(50)(020), 2.855(38)(102), 2.389(33)(-122). Crocobelonite This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America.The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press.