mcr-1 and mcr-2 (mcr-6.1) variant genes identified in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain from 2014 to 2015

AbuOun, Manal; Stubberfield, Emma; Duggett, Nick A; Kirchner, Miranda; Dormer, Luisa; Nuñéz-García, Javier; Randall, Luke; Lemma, Fabrizio; Crook, Derrick W.; Teale, Christopher; Smith, Richard P.; Anjum, Muna F.

doi:10.1093/jac/dkx286

Cited by 232 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Whereas feces are most commonly considered as the major factor in the transfer and spread of the mcr genes, our data showing significantly higher mcr prevalences in nasal/oropharyngeal swabs than in anal/cloacal swabs suggests that both saliva and respiratory secretions might also play important roles. The identification of mcr variants in Moraxella species ( mcr-1 and mcr-2 ) 21,29,30 and Aeromonas veronii ( mcr-3 ) 24 indicates there are organisms outside the Enterobacteriaceae that contribute to colistin resistance and these might be responsible for the differences in prevalences that we found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Previous studies have shown the mcr-1 , mcr-2 and mcr-3 can be on plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae and chromosomes in Moraxella spp. 21,29,30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the usefulness of colistin as a last resort antimicrobial is now compromised by the presence of an increasing number of mobile colistin resistance genes ( mcr ). To date, five different mcr and their variants have been described, mainly mcr-1 (11 variants) 3–21 , mcr-2 (three variants) 11–18,21,22 , mcr-3 (ten variants) 19,20,23–26 , mcr-4 27 and mcr-5 28 . The mcr-1 , mcr-2 and mcr-3 were originally described on plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae but have recently been identified on the chromosomes of Moraxella spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mcr-1 , mcr-2 and mcr-3 were originally described on plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae but have recently been identified on the chromosomes of Moraxella spp. and Aeromonas veronii 21,24,29,30 . mcr-4 and mcr-5 have only been described very recently, after we carried out our study in which we used short amplicon PCRs to determine the prevalence of the mcr-1 , mcr-2 and mcr-3 in swabs from the initial and terminal alimentary system of pigs and poultry in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2 and mcr-3) in nasal/oropharyngeal and anal/cloacal swabs from pigs and poultry

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Antimicrobial resistance against colistin has emerged worldwide and is threatening the efficacy of colistin treatment of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, PCRs were used to detect mcr genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3) in 213 anal and 1,339 nasal swabs from pigs (n = 1,454) in nine provinces of China, and 1,696 cloacal and 1,647 oropharyngeal samples from poultry (n = 1,836) at live-bird markets in 24 provinces. The mcr-1 prevalences in pigs (79.2%) and geese (71.7%) were significantly higher than in chickens (31.8%), ducks (34.6%) and pigeons (13.1%). The mcr-2 prevalence in pigs was 56.3%, significantly higher than in chickens (5.5%), ducks (2.3%), geese (5.5%) and pigeons (0%). The mcr-3 prevalences in pigs (18.7%), ducks (13.8%) and geese (11.9%) were significantly higher than in chickens (5.2%) and pigeons (5.1%). In total, 173 pigs and three chickens were positive for all three mcr genes. The prevalences of the mcr were significantly higher in nasal/oropharyngeal swabs than in the anal /cloacal swabs. Phylogenetic studies identified 33 new mcr-2 variants and 12 new mcr-3 variants. This study demonstrates high prevalences of mcr in pigs and poultry in China, and indicates there is need for more thorough surveillance and control programs to prevent further selection of colistin resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Previous studies have shown the mcr-1 , mcr-2 and mcr-3 can be on plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae and chromosomes in Moraxella spp. 21,29,30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2 and mcr-3) in nasal/oropharyngeal and anal/cloacal swabs from pigs and poultry

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…In recent years colistin resistance has increased among pig Enterobacteriaceae isolates (Rhouma et al., ) and in the last two decades its importance in human medicine has grown, despite its potential for nephrotoxicity, as a treatment for increasingly intractable gram‐negative multiresistant infections (Falagas & Rafailidis, ; WHO, , p. 41). Recently, plasmid‐borne resistance to colistin has been identified among some Enterobacteriaceae from human and farming sources (Rebelo et al., ; Rhouma et al., ), with organisms of the genus Moraxella being a suspected source of the mobilized mcr resistance genes (AbuOun et al., ). Furthermore, transmission between pigs and humans of E. coli carrying mobile mcr genes has been documented (Olaitan et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance on Farms: A Review Including Biosecurity and the Potential Role of Disinfectants in Resistance Selection

Davies

Wales

2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

124

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Resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial agents is recognized as a growing problem for both human and veterinary medicine, and the need to address the issue in both of these linked domains is a current priority in public policy. Efforts to limit antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on farms have so far focused on control of the supply and use of antimicrobial drugs, plus husbandry measures to reduce infectious disease. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, substantial progress has been made recently against targets on agricultural antimicrobial drug use. However, evidence suggests that resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria can persist and spread within and between premises despite declining or zero antimicrobial drug use. Reasons for this are likely complex and varied but may include: bacterial adaptations to ameliorate fitness costs associated with maintenance and replication of resistance genes and associated proteins, horizontal transmission of genetic resistance determinants between bacteria, physical transfer of bacteria via movement (of animals, workers, and equipment), ineffective cleaning and disinfection, and co‐selection of resistance to certain drugs by use of other antimicrobials, heavy metals, or biocides. Areas of particular concern for public health include extended‐spectrum cephalosporinases and fluoroquinolone resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, livestock‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and the emergence of transmissible colistin resistance. Aspects of biosecurity have repeatedly been identified as risk factors for the presence of AMR on farm premises, but there are large gaps in our understanding of the most important risk factors and the most effective interventions. The present review aims to summarize the present state of knowledge in this area, from a European perspective.

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A Genomic, Evolutionary, and Mechanistic Study of MCR‐5 Action Suggests Functional Unification across the MCR Family of Colistin Resistance

et al. 2019

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A growing number of mobile colistin resistance (MCR) proteins is threatening the renewed interest of colistin as a “last‐resort” defense against carbapenem‐resistant pathogens. Here, the comparative genomics of a large plasmid harboring mcr‐5 from Aeromonas hydrophila and the structural/functional perspectives of MCR‐5 action are reported. Whole genome sequencing has identified the loss of certain parts of the Tn 3 ‐type transposon typically associated with mcr‐5 , providing a clue toward its mobilization. Phylogeny of MCR‐5 suggests that it is distinct from the MCR‐1/2 sub‐lineage, but might share a common ancestor of MCR‐3/4. Domain‐swapping analysis of MCR‐5 elucidates that its two structural motifs (transmembrane domain and catalytic domain) are incompatible with its counterparts in MCR‐1/2. Like the rest of the MCR family, MCR‐5 exhibits a series of conservative features, including zinc‐dependent active sites, phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding cavity, and the mechanism of enzymatic action. In vitro and in vivo evidence that MCR‐5 catalyzes the addition of phosphoethanolamine to the suggestive 4′‐phosphate of lipid A moieties is integrated, and results in the consequent polymyxin resistance. In addition, MCR‐5 alleviates the colistin‐induced formation of reactive oxygen species in E. coli . Taken together, the finding suggests that a growing body of MCR family resistance enzymes are functionally unified.

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mcr-1 and mcr-2 (mcr-6.1) variant genes identified in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain from 2014 to 2015

Abstract: Our results add further evidence for the mobilization of the mcr-pap2 unit from Moraxella via composite transposons leading to its global dissemination. The presence of mcr-pap2 from recent Moraxella isolates indicates they may comprise a reservoir for mcr.

Cited by 232 publications

References 19 publications

Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2 and mcr-3) in nasal/oropharyngeal and anal/cloacal swabs from pigs and poultry

Molecular detection of colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2 and mcr-3) in nasal/oropharyngeal and anal/cloacal swabs from pigs and poultry

Antimicrobial Resistance on Farms: A Review Including Biosecurity and the Potential Role of Disinfectants in Resistance Selection

A Genomic, Evolutionary, and Mechanistic Study of MCR‐5 Action Suggests Functional Unification across the MCR Family of Colistin Resistance

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