mcr Genes Conferring Colistin Resistance in Enterobacterales; a Five Year Overview

Abstract

<p>The present review aims to study and detect the global emergence of mcr genes in E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp., isolates from human specimens over the last six years. Nowadays the rise of multidrug-resistant superbugs has made essential the return of drugs that were previously abandoned. A clear example is colistin, which acts against multidrug - resistant gram - negative pathogens, including Enterobacterales. Colistin resistance is an unfortunate fact, with the emergence of mcr genes conferring resistance to colistin in Enterobacterales posing the most recent threat. Literature about mcr genes and their spread in E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. is cited, focusing on the emergence of mcr genes in human specimens since 2015. The data were taken from the PubMed and Scopus databases. It seems that the mcr-1 gene continues to be the protagonist among the three species. E. coli is the dominant species harbouring mcr genes. Moreover, plasmid - mediated colistin resistance is also conferred upon other species that carry different genes resistant to antibiotics. There are only scarse reports on human Salmonella spp isolates harbouring mcr genes. Finally, the emergence of the mcr-9 gene in all of them is quite remarkable.</p><p><strong> Conclusion</strong>. Plasmid - mediated colistin resistance in Enterobacterales is a global issue and has been worsening over the years. The continuous mutations of mcr gene subtypes underline the need for better surveillance, constant investigation and wise use of colistin, especially in countries with high levels of antibiotic resistance.</p>

Genomic Insights into the Colistin Resistant mcr-Carrying Escherichia coli Strains in a Tertiary Hospital in China

“…Ten mcr homologues ( mcr -1–10) have so far been identified, and mcr-1 continues to be the main character and is widely distributed [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The MIC of colistin in E. coli have been shown to increase by 4 to 8-fold when the mcr-1 gene is present, indicating that mcr-1 alone can provide adequate resistance against colistin in E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae [ 2 , 13 , 14 ].…”

A new variant of the colistin resistance gene MCR-1 with co-resistance to β-lactam antibiotics reveals a potential novel antimicrobial peptide

“…However, how M6 regulates this pathway merits further investigation. Second, the amino acid sequence of the linker domain varies among the 10 known MCR variants (S2 Fig) . Different MCR variants exhibited varying levels of colistin resistance [55,56]. Our data revealed that the catalytic domain of the MCR proteins is relatively well conserved among the MCR families (S2 Fig) , which strongly suggests that differences in the linker domain potentially govern the diverse phenotypic polymyxin resistance, an idea that will require direct experimental validation.…”

Identification of a novel MCR-1 variant displaying low level of co-resistance to β-lactam antibiotics that uncovers a potential novel antimicrobial peptide

“…For example, unlike MCR-1, MCR-9 and MCR-10 confer poor resistance to colistin [62,63]. In fact, our was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder.…”