Mean cluster size by Rayleigh scattering

Bell, Andrew J.; Mestdagh, J. M.; Berlande, J.; Biquard, X.; Cuvellier, J.; Lallement, Alex; Meynadier, P.; Sublemontier, O.; Visticot, J. P.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/26/6/017

Cited by 42 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The values of a and u are listed in Table I together with the previous results from various groups. 2,6,[8][9][10][11]18,19 The N = a͑⌫ ‫ء‬ / 1000͒ u relation given in Table I from Refs. 2, 9, 10, and 18 are found by the data presented in the texts and in the figures within the read-out accuracy of these papers.…”

Section: Results and Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The systematic study by Hagena and Obert 2 on the effect of backing pressure P 0 , stagnation temperature T 0 , nozzle diameter d, and different gases confirmed the concept of corresponding jets characterized by producing the same cluster size. The correlating parameter ⌫ ‫ء‬ , now commonly called "Hagena parameter," is defined as 7,8,[10][11][12][13] where the constants a s and u s , obtained from sonic-nozzle experiments by various groups, are listed in Table I.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The equivalent diameters d eq covered a range from 1.59 to 5.21 mm, and the corresponding Hagena parameter ⌫ ‫ء‬ was between 2 ϫ 10 3 and 1.5ϫ 10 5 depending on the experimental conditions. The cluster sizes were measured by a Rayleigh scattering method, 9,13,14,[17][18][19] and the size calibration was made in a fitting procedure based on a Coulomb explosion scenario. 20,21 In this work, the dependence of the average cluster size on the backing pressure and the geometry of the conical nozzles was examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An experimental investigation on the performance of conical nozzles for argon cluster formation in supersonic jets

Ni²,

Li³

et al. 2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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This work intends to get a better understanding of cluster formation in supersonic nozzles of different geometries. The throat diameters d are within 0.26 mmՅ d Յ 0.62 mm, the half-opening-angle ␣ within 4.2°Յ ␣ Յ 11.3°, and the length L of the conical section is 17.5 mm ͑eight nozzles͒ or 12 mm ͑two nozzles͒. Thus the so-called "equivalent sonic-nozzle diameter d eq " for these conical nozzle geometries, defined by d eq = 0.74 d / tan ␣ ͑for monatomic gases͒, is in the range of 1.59 mmՅ d eq Յ 5.21 mm. Source temperature for the clustering experiments was T 0 = 298 K, and the backing pressure P 0 was between 0.5 and 30 bars. The ͑average͒ cluster sizes observed for these conical nozzles deviate from the predictions of the simple stream-tube-model. These deviations are accounted for by introducing the so-called "effective equivalent sonic-nozzle diameter d eq ‫ء‬ ," defined as the product of the equivalent sonic-nozzle diameter d eq and a new parameter ␦, d eq ‫ء‬ = ␦d eq . The parameter ␦ serves to modify the equivalent diameters d eq of the conical nozzles, which are applied in the idealized cases where the gas flows are suggested to be formed through free jet expansion. Then, ␦ represents the deviation of the performance in cluster formation of the practical conical nozzles from those predicted based on the idealized picture. The experimental results show that the values of ␦ can be described by an empirical formula, depending on the gas backing pressure P 0 and the parameter d eq of the conical nozzles. The degradation of the performance of the present conical nozzles was found with the increase in P 0 and the larger d eq . It was revealed that ␦ is inversely proportional to a fractional power ͑ϳ0.5-0.6͒ of the molecular density n mol in the gas flows under the present experimental conditions. The boundary layers effects are considered to be mainly responsible for the restriction of the performance of the conical nozzles in cluster formation.

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Section: Results and Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An experimental investigation on the performance of conical nozzles for argon cluster formation in supersonic jets

Ni²,

Li³

et al. 2010

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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show abstract

“…These data can be fit with a function of the form Dp 0 ␤+1 yielding a value of ␤ = 2.29Ϯ 0.06, which is in agreement with previous measurements: 1.5-2.5. 6,13,[16][17][18][19]26,28,29 A simple scattering measurement cannot determine the mean cluster size because the scattering cross section involves the product of the mean cluster size and the number of clusters in the beam ͓see Eq. ͑2͔͒.…”

Section: 38mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rayleigh scattering has been used to study clustering in axisymmetric expansions, which confirm the dependence of the mean cluster size on the expansion stagnation pressure. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Planar expansions were used for plasma expansion sources 22,23 and in pulsed discharge systems. 8 In a planar expansion, the distance to a collision-free flow is much larger than that in an axisymmetric expansion, which allows more clusters to form through three body collisions, 24 which possibly produce larger clusters for a given stagnation pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%