“…Although a comprehensive definition and discussion of semiotic resource is beyond the scope of this article, the term is used here to connote the visual, textual, and multimodal features available in picture books used by readers to construct meanings as they experience particular multimodal texts (Fei, 2004). One of the most important assertions set forth in our previous studies was that the typographic, paralinguistic, and visual elements, such as speech bubbles, upfixes, fonts, and graphic design features, have traditionally been considered distractions to be avoided rather than semiotic resources that young readers should attend to when reading (Kachorsky et al, 2017). Earlier studies analyzed the linguistic elements of texts as markers primarily used to increase a reader's fluency and prosody, rather than seeing them as resources for building meaning (Schwanenflugel, Westmoreland, & Benjamin, 2015).…”