Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and COVID-19 Relationship

Özdemir, Öner

doi:10.1128/mbio.01832-20

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The so-called “Africa paradox” has been the focus of several editorials in prominent journals,910111213 proposing several explanatory theories. These include that exposure to other coronaviruses has induced cross reactive herd immunity,14 that the younger age structure of African populations allows its populations to tolerate covid-19 better,15 that experience gained during the Ebola crisis allowed public health agencies across Africa to contain covid-19 better,16 and that certain live attenuated vaccines (BCG vaccine, oral polio vaccine, and measles vaccines) engendered robust non-specific innate immune responses that also protect against covid-19 171819…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study

Mwananyanda

Gill

MacLeod

et al. 2021

BMJ

165

164

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Objective To directly measure the fatal impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in an urban African population. Design Prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study. Setting Zambia’s largest tertiary care referral hospital. Participants Deceased people of all ages at the University Teaching Hospital morgue in Lusaka, Zambia, enrolled within 48 hours of death. Main outcome measure Postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs were tested via reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Deaths were stratified by covis-19 status, location, age, sex, and underlying risk factors. Results 372 participants were enrolled between June and September 2020; PCR results were available for 364 (97.8%). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 58/364 (15.9%) according to the recommended cycle threshold value of <40 and in 70/364 (19.2%) when expanded to any level of PCR detection. The median age at death among people with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 was 48 (interquartile range 36-72) years, and 69% (n=48) were male. Most deaths in people with covid-19 (51/70; 73%) occurred in the community; none had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 before death. Among the 19/70 people who died in hospital, six were tested before death. Among the 52/70 people with data on symptoms, 44/52 had typical symptoms of covid-19 (cough, fever, shortness of breath), of whom only five were tested before death. Covid-19 was identified in seven children, only one of whom had been tested before death. The proportion of deaths with covid-19 increased with age, but 76% (n=53) of people who died were aged under 60 years. The five most common comorbidities among people who died with covid-19 were tuberculosis (22; 31%), hypertension (19; 27%), HIV/AIDS (16; 23%), alcohol misuse (12; 17%), and diabetes (9; 13%). Conclusions Contrary to expectations, deaths with covid-19 were common in Lusaka. Most occurred in the community, where testing capacity is lacking. However, few people who died at facilities were tested, despite presenting with typical symptoms of covid-19. Therefore, cases of covid-19 were under-reported because testing was rarely done not because covid-19 was rare. If these data are generalizable, the impact of covid-19 in Africa has been vastly underestimated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study

Mwananyanda

Gill

MacLeod

et al. 2021

BMJ

165

164

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These include: 1) exposure to non-CV19 coronaviruses has induced cross-reactive herd immunity; 14 2) the younger age structure of African populations allows its populations to better tolerate CV19; 15 3) experience gained during the Ebola crisis allowed public health agencies across Africa to better contain CV19; 16 and 4) that certain live attenuated vaccines - Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, the oral polio vaccine and measles vaccines - engendered robust non-specific innate immune responses that also protect against CV19. 17-19…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 deaths detected in a systematic post-mortem surveillance study in Africa

Mwananyanda

Gill

MacLeod

et al. 2020

Preprint

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ObjectivesLimited SARS CoV 2 testing in many African countries has constrained availability of data on the impact of COVID-19 (CV19). To address this gap, we conducted a systematic post-mortem surveillance study to directly measure the fatal impact of CV19 in an urban African population.DesignWe enrolled deceased individuals at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) Morgue in Lusaka, Zambia. We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs for testing via reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) against the SARS-2 Coronavirus. We stratified deaths by CV19 status, by location, age, sex, and underlying risk factors.SettingUTH is Zambia’s largest tertiary care referral hospital and its morgue registers ∼80% of Lusaka’s deaths.ParticipantsParticipants of all ages were enrolled if within 48 hours of death and if the next of kin or representative provided written informed consent.ResultsWe enrolled 372 participants between June and September 2020, and had PCR results for 364 (99.5%). CV19 was detected in 70/364 (19.2%). The median age for CV19+ deaths was 48 years (IQR 36-72 years) and 70% were male. Most CV19+ deaths (51/70, 72.8%) occurred in the community; none had been tested for CV19 antemortem. Among the 19/70 facility deaths, six were tested antemortem. Among the 52/70 CV19 deaths with symptoms data, 44/52 had typical symptoms of CV19 (cough, fever, shortness of breath), of whom only five were tested antemortem. We identified CV19 among seven children; only one had been tested antemortem. The proportion of CV19+ deaths increased with age, but 75.7% of CV19+ deaths were aged <60 years. The five most common co-morbidities among CV19+ deaths were: tuberculosis (31.4%); hypertension (27.1%); HIV/AIDS (22.9%); alcohol use (17.1%); and diabetes (12.9%).ConclusionsContrary to expectations, CV19+ deaths were common in Lusaka. The majority occurred in the community where testing capacity is lacking. Yet few who died at facilities were tested, despite presenting with typical symptoms of CV19. Therefore, CV19 cases were under reported because testing was rarely done, not because CV19 was rare. If our data are generalizable, the impact of CV19 in Africa has been vastly underestimated.

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“…However,other multiple factors can give rise to COVID infection-related mortality in different places of the world. Many clinical investigations are ongoing to estimate BCG vaccination's effect on the possible responses from SARS-CoV-2 like in the Netherlands, The US, and Australia in the high-risk subjects (health care workers and older), whether it might provide protection [ 44 ] from COVID [ 42 ]. A study in Germany are investigating VPM1000, which is an rDNA vaccine candidate derived from BCG, could prevent older or health care professionals from SARS-Cov-2 [ 42 ]…”

Section: Strategies For the Covid-19 Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relation of MMR vaccination and COVID associated death rate hasbeen suggested by the worldwide epidemiological data [ 44 ]. Several investigators did not agree to this statement for the live MMR vaccines other than BCG.…”

Section: Strategies For the Covid-19 Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several investigators did not agree to this statement for the live MMR vaccines other than BCG. Many countries like Latin American (Argentina, Ecuador, Chile) and Iran maintained more than ninety percent vaccine coverage from 1985 till the high death rate from SARS-CoV2 [ 44 ]. The MMR is a live attenuated virus-based vaccine.…”

Section: Strategies For the Covid-19 Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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