Measles Virus Infection and Immunity in a Suboptimal Vaccination Coverage Setting

Pacenti, Monia; Maione, Nataskya; Lavezzo, Enrico; Franchin, Elisa; Bello, Federico Dal; Gottardello, Lorena; Barzon, Luisa

doi:10.3390/vaccines7040199

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The pattern of detection rates was similar to that in a previous study reported by Seto et al 15 The results indicate that PBMCs and throat swabs were suitable samples for the detection of patients with SVF. Although the detection rate in urine samples was low in both Seto et al's study (33.3%) 15 and in our data, Sundell et al 14 and Pacenti et al 23 reported a higher detection rate in urine specimens (86.7% and 81.8%, respectively) among patients with breakthrough infections (i.e., those previously immunized or infected with measles). These discrepancies probably depended on the timing of sample collection.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: Analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure

Kurata¹,

Yamamoto

Nishimura³

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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Since the elimination of the measles virus, patients with vaccination records for the measles‐containing vaccine have increased in Japan. According to several studies, the transmission risk from previously immunized patients, especially those with secondary vaccine failure (SVF), is lower than that from those with primary measles infections. Immunological features of SVF were identified per specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) induction with high avidity and high plaque reduction neutralization antibody concentration. However, the virological features of SVF have not been well investigated. To examine not only immunological but also virological differences between SVF and immunologically naive patients, throat swabs and blood and urine specimens of 25 patients with confirmed measles infection after an outbreak at the Kansai International Airport in 2016 were analyzed. Patients were categorized as naive (n = 3) or with SVF (n = 22) based on measles‐specific IgG antibody concentrations and their avidity. Virus isolation and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction were performed to quantify the viral load in clinical specimens and estimate the infectivity in each specimen. The number of viral genome copies in the blood specimens of those with SVF was significantly different and approximately 1 out of 100 of that in immunologically naive patients. However, genome copy numbers in throat swabs and urine specimens were not significantly different between the groups. The virus was isolated only from those in the naive group. Our study indicated low transmission risk of the virus in patients with SVF.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: Analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure

Kurata¹,

Yamamoto

Nishimura³

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…We used data describing the 2017-2018 measles outbreak in the Veneto Region, located in the North-East of Italy (29). We used 30 sequences (out of 322 suspected cases) analyzed in Pacenti et al (29). Sequences were aligned using the Nextstrain measles workflow (51)(52)(53).…”

Section: -2018 Measles Outbreak In the Veneto Region (Italy)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the reproduction number and transmission heterogeneity from the size distribution of clusters of identical pathogen sequences

Kiem

Bedford

2023

Preprint

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Quantifying transmission intensity and heterogeneity is crucial to ascertain the threat posed by infectious diseases and inform the design of interventions. Methods that jointly estimate the reproduction number R and the dispersion parameter k have however mainly remained limited to the analysis of epidemiological clusters or contact tracing data, whose collection often proves difficult. Here, we show that clusters of identical sequences are imprinted by the pathogen offspring distribution, and we derive an analytical formula for the distribution of the size of these clusters. We develop and evaluate a novel inference framework to jointly estimate the reproduction number and the dispersion parameter from the size distribution of clusters of identical sequences. We then illustrate its application across a range of epidemiological situations. Finally, we develop a hypothesis testing framework relying on clusters of identical sequences to determine whether a given pathogen genetic subpopulation is associated with increased or reduced transmissibility. Our work provides new tools to estimate the reproduction number and transmission heterogeneity from pathogen sequences without building a phylogenetic tree, thus making it easily scalable to large pathogen genome datasets.

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“…The 50% end point titer of the serum neutralizing titer was calculated using the Reed and Muench method [25]. Serum samples with neutralizing titers of less than eight were considered negative [26]. A positive and negative control serum (Liaison Measles IgG Ctr) were included in each assay.…”

Section: Measles Microneutralization Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence to Measles Virus after Vaccination or Natural Infection in an Adult Population, in Italy

et al. 2020

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An increase in measles cases worldwide, with outbreaks, has been registered in the last few years, despite the availability of a safe and highly efficacious vaccine. In addition to an inadequate vaccination coverage, even in high-income European countries studies proved that some vaccinated people were also found seronegative years after vaccination, thus increasing the number of people susceptible to measles infection. In this study, we evaluated the immunization status and the seroprevalence of measles antibodies among 1092 healthy adults, either vaccinated or naturally infected, in order to investigate the persistence of anti-measles IgG. Among subjects who received two doses of measles vaccine, the neutralizing antibody titer tended to decline over time. In addition, data collected from a neutralization assay performed on 110 healthy vaccinated subjects suggested an inverse correlation between neutralizing antibody titers and the time elapsed between the two vaccinations, with a significant decline in the neutralizing titer when the interval between the two doses was ≥11 years. On the basis of these results, monitoring the serological status of the population 10-12 years after vaccination could be important both to limit the number of people who are potentially susceptible to measles, despite the high efficacy of MMR vaccine, and to recommend a booster vaccine for the seronegatives.

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Measles Virus Infection and Immunity in a Suboptimal Vaccination Coverage Setting

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: Analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure

A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: Analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure

Estimating the reproduction number and transmission heterogeneity from the size distribution of clusters of identical pathogen sequences

Seroprevalence to Measles Virus after Vaccination or Natural Infection in an Adult Population, in Italy

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