Measles virus‐specific IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis

Christie, K. E.; Haukenes, Gunnar

doi:10.1002/jmv.1890120406

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Infections with hepatitis A virus[120-125], hepatitis B virus (HBV)[126], hepatitis C virus (HCV)[127], Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)[128-132], varicella zoster[133], and human immunodeficiency virus[134] have been proposed as triggering events (Table 2). Other studies have described evidence of HCV[135-139], measles virus[140-142], cytomegalovirus (CMV)[143], and EBV[144] in the serum or liver tissue of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. These findings have supported an association between viral infection and autoimmune hepatitis, but the nature of the relationship (coincidental vs etiologic) has been uncertain[145,146].…”

Section: Triggering Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions

Czaja¹

2019

WJG

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BACKGROUNDMultiple pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, but they have not fully explained susceptibility, triggering events, and maintenance or escalation of the disease. Furthermore, they have not identified a critical defect that can be targeted. The goals of this review are to examine the diverse pathogenic mechanisms that have been considered in autoimmune hepatitis, indicate investigational opportunities to validate their contribution, and suggest interventions that might evolve to modify their impact. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Genetic and epigenetic factors can affect susceptibility by influencing the expression of immune regulatory genes. Thymic dysfunction, possibly related to deficient production of programmed cell death protein-1, can allow autoreactive T cells to escape deletion, and alterations in the intestinal microbiome may help overcome immune tolerance and affect gender bias. Environmental factors may trigger the disease or induce epigenetic changes in gene function. Molecular mimicry, epitope spread, bystander activation, neo-antigen production, lymphocytic polyspecificity, and disturbances in immune inhibitory mechanisms may maintain or escalate the disease. Interventions that modify epigenetic effects on gene expression, alter intestinal dysbiosis, eliminate deleterious environmental factors, and target critical pathogenic mechanisms are therapeutic possibilities that might reduce risk, individualize management, and improve outcome. In conclusion, diverse pathogenic mechanisms have been implicated in autoimmune hepatitis, and they may identify a critical factor or sequence that can be validated and used to direct future management and preventive strategies.

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Section: Triggering Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions

Czaja¹

2019

WJG

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“…In 1980's IgM antibodies to measles virus (MS) have been found in 12 of 23 patients with AIH [77]. In another study, around the same time the MV genome has been found to persist in 12 of 18 AIH patients [78].…”

Section: Other Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pathogen Infection as a Possible Cause for Autoimmune Hepatitis

Christen

Hintermann

2014

International Reviews of Immunology

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Autoimmune disorders afflicting the liver comprise the bona fide autoimmune diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis as well as drug-induced autoimmune-like diseases, such as halothane hepatitis. Whereas drug-induced forms of acute or chronic hepatitis often have a clear triggering factor, the etiology of classical autoimmune liver diseases is only poorly understood. Besides a genetic component present in disease susceptible individuals, environmental triggering factors are likely to play a role in the initiation and/or propagation of the disease. In this article, we will review on current evidence obtained from epidemiological associations, case studies, and findings in animal models for pathogens, to be involved in the etiology of autoimmune liver disease with a special focus on autoimmune hepatitis.

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“…Several other pathogens have been associated with AIH. One of the first associations was from two studies in the 1980s, when measles virus (MV) was found in 12 of 23 patients and 12 of 18 patients who had been diagnosed with AIH . However, since the early 1980s the definition as well as the diagnostic tools for AIH have changed dramatically, and it is not clear if those patients would still be diagnosed with AIH today.…”

Section: Other Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens and autoimmune hepatitis

Christen

Hintermann

2018

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe form of hepatitis resulting in the autoimmune-mediated destruction of the liver parenchyma. Whereas many of the immunopathogenic events have been elucidated and some of the drivers of the disease have been identified, little is known about the aetiology of the disease. There are certain risk factors, such as particular human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, that enhance the susceptibility for AIH or influence the severity of the disease. However, as for many other autoimmune diseases, the mere presence of such risk factors does not warrant the occurrence of the disease. Not all individuals carrying risk factors develop AIH, and not all patients with AIH are carriers of high-risk alleles. Thus, additional environmental factors need to be considered as triggers for AIH. Environmental factors include diet, sunlight exposure, stress, medication and hygiene, as well as pathogen infections and vaccinations. This review discusses if pathogens should be considered as triggers for the initiation and/or propagation of AIH.

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Measles virus‐specific IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions

Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions

Pathogen Infection as a Possible Cause for Autoimmune Hepatitis

Pathogens and autoimmune hepatitis

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