Measles Virus Strain Diversity, Nigeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kremer, Jacques R.; Nkwembe, Edith; Oyefolu, A O; Smit, Sheilagh B.; Pukuta, Elisabeth; Omilabu, S.A.; Adu, F. D.; Tamfum, Jean Jacques Muyembe

doi:10.3201/eid1611.100777

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It has been reported that measles vaccination may not prevent the development of symptoms with wild type measles virus, but studies have shown that vaccination protects children, especially those in endemic regions, from severe measles infection, thereby reducing the chances of measles-related deaths (8,(17)(18)(19)(20). Although studies have reported low protective antibodies in the target population after vaccination in Nigeria, these reports may not give the true picture of immune memory and readiness after reinfection, since only HA antibodies were measured (4,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Virus Infection Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children in Nigeria

et al. 2015

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This study investigated measles infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated children presenting with fever and maculopapular rash during measles outbreaks in the southern and western states of Nigeria. Measles, an acute viral illness caused by a virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, is a vaccine-preventable disease. Measles outbreak is common in Nigeria, despite the national immunization program. Children presenting with symptoms of measles infection in general hospitals and health centers in the states of southern and western Nigeria were recruited for this study. Vaccination history, clinical details, and 5 mL of blood were obtained from the children. Their sera samples were screened for specific immunoglobulin M antibodies to measles virus. Of 234 children tested (124 [53.2%] female), 133 (56.8%) had previously been vaccinated against measles virus, while 93 (39.7%) had not been vaccinated. Vaccination information for eight children could not be retrieved. One hundred and forty-three (62.4%) had measles IgM antibodies. Of these, 79 (55.3%) had been vaccinated for measles, while 65 (44.7%) had not. Despite the ongoing vaccination program in Nigeria, a high number of children are still being infected with measles, despite their vaccination status. Therefore, there is need to identify the reason for the low level of vaccine protection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles Virus Infection Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children in Nigeria

et al. 2015

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“…For instance, two strains from Rostov-na-Donu (MVi/Rostov-na-Donu. RUS (B2KIN-A, B2KIN-B, and B2KIN-C) differing by up to 2 nt were detected (2). From 18 of these viruses, including three B2KIN-A, two B2KIN-B, and nine B2KIN-C strains collected between December 2004 and February 2006, the P and H genes were sequenced (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing New Measles Virus Transmission Routes by Use of Sequence Analysis of Phosphoprotein and Hemagglutinin Genes

Kessler

Kremer

Shulga³

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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With improved measles virus (MV) control, the genetic variability of the MV-nucleoprotein hypervariable region (NP-HVR) decreases. Thus, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine the origin of a virus using only this part of the genome. During outbreaks in Europe and Africa, we found MV strains with identical NP-HVR sequences. However, these strains showed considerable diversity within a larger sequencing window based on concatenated MV phosphoprotein and hemagglutinin genes (P/H pseudogenes). In Belarus, Germany, Russia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the P/H pseudogenes provided insights into chains of transmission, whereas identical NP-HVR provided none. In Russia, for instance, the P/H pseudogene identified temporal clusters rather than geographical clusters, demonstrating the circulation and importation of independent variants rather than large local outbreaks lasting for several years, as suggested by NP-HVR. Thus, by extending the sequencing window for molecular epidemiology, a more refined picture of MV circulation was obtained with more clearly defined links between outbreaks and transmission chains. Our results also suggested that in contrast to the P gene, the H gene acquired fixed substitutions that continued to be found in subsequent outbreaks, possibly with consequences for its antigenicity. Thus, a longer sequencing window has true benefits both for the epidemiological surveillance of measles and for the better monitoring of viral evolution.

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“…International partners, including the GAVI-Alliance, are supportive of Congolese efforts. [1][2][3][4][5] Overall, the country is unlikely to achieve most of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, without strong and sustained economic growth [6] The Human Development Index of the DRC equals 0.286, resulting in its ranking as 187th among the least developed countries (http:// hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/COD.html). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | Jul-Aug 2013 | Vol 6 | Issue 4…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8,11,16,17] Of all the countries in Africa, the DRC and Nigeria are also reported to still have the highest average annual incidence and mortality associated with measles. [4,9,18] Since its inception in 1978 until 1990, the EPI in DRC, with the support of bilateral co-operation, managed to achieve significant progress in vaccination coverage for six vaccine-preventable diseases-tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. After the yellow fever vaccine was introduced in 2003, the DRC further expanded the spectrum of vaccines by introducing viral hepatitis B vaccine (2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4,8,11,12,16,17] Since the first multiple indicators clusters survey (MICS1) in 1995, when the DTP3 coverage for children aged 12 to 23 months was 27 coverage increased to 46 to 57% as documented by MICS2 in 2001 and MICS3 in 2009, (http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/ immunization/countryprofileselect.cfm) [ Figure 1]. [12] From 2008, there have been discrepancies between the official country estimates of DTP3 and the estimates of the World Health Organization (WHO)/the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Barriers to immunization coverage in DRC: An analysis of the GAVI-Alliance cash-based support

Ferrinho¹,

Dramé²

2013

Ann Trop Med Public Health

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Context: Although many countries have improved their vaccination coverage in recent years, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) remains with unsatisfactory levels. Aims: The objective of this study is to document the relative importance of the factors that have in luenced the immunization coverage in DRC and to understand the extent to which cash support to the DRC by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI) addresses these issues. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using a modi ied Delphi and by the analysis of grants and annual progress reports submitted to GAVI. Results and Conclusions: The GAVI health systems strengthening (HSS) proposal is quite strategic. Therefore it should be complementary to other GAVI grants received by the DRC. This is not always so because the different GAVI windows [immunisation services strengthening (ISS), new and underused vaccines, HSS, and civil society support] do not overlap geographically and in the calendar. This is further aggravated by the narrow time horizon of all grants. Apparently, not enough thinking was done at the outset about how the GAVI HSS proposal was going to be implemented. Hence, the acknowledgement by the Delphi panelists that the major barrier to the effectuation of the GAVI HSS grants was in their implementation. The Delphi panel was silent about HR issues but the importance of these issues is captured in the 2006 GAVI HSS grant application. Signi icant delay in the implementation of the HSS proposal is associated with the lack of a reliable inancial management system. GAVI HSS has been catalytic in uniting key stakeholders in the health sector around the HSS strategy, including the DRC government itself.

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Measles Virus Strain Diversity, Nigeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract: Differences in epidemiologic patterns are only partially explained by vaccination practices.

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Measles Virus Infection Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children in Nigeria

Measles Virus Infection Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children in Nigeria

Revealing New Measles Virus Transmission Routes by Use of Sequence Analysis of Phosphoprotein and Hemagglutinin Genes

Barriers to immunization coverage in DRC: An analysis of the GAVI-Alliance cash-based support

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