Measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in wheelchair rugby athletes

Broad, Elizabeth; Newsome, Laura J.; Dew, Dustin; Barfield, J. P.

doi:10.1080/10790268.2019.1608062

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Individuals with SCI can have a reduced measured RMR compared with the predicted RMR from equations for the able-bodied population due to their reduced FFM [ 30 ]. Conversely, competitive wheelchair athletes, on the other hand, have shown higher predicted RMR, as they exhibit a higher RMR/FFM ratio [ 45 ].…”

Section: Other Factors Of Red-smentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes?

2022

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Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete’s impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition.

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Section: Other Factors Of Red-smentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes?

2022

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“…Handcycling athletes showed a substantially lower fat-free mass (46.1 ± 8.3 kg) [14] compared to professional cyclists (70.9 kg fat-free mass) [15]. The reduced active muscle mass affects the metabolic rate by decreasing resting energy expenditure (REE) [16]. Abel, Kroner, Rojas Vega, Peters, Klose and Platen [17] measured a REE of 1521.6 ± 294.0 kcal/d in handcycling athletes, whereas male able-bodied well-trained cyclists showed a REE of 1768 kcal/d [18].…”

Section: Disability-specific Physiological Aspects In Para-cycling Athletes 21 Spinal Cord Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For each athlete, the disability and its consequence on GI functioning, metabolism, body composition as well as other secondary medical issues need to be assessed in a first step. One should also consider including the assessment of REE by indirect calorimetry and body composition (e.g., DXAscan or sum of skinfolds) [6,16]. Information on muscle functioning (e.g., lesion level in SCI or medical diagnosis in other athletes with a disability) as an estimate for active muscle mass and glycogen storage capacity or ergospirometric data from performance diagnostics (where available) further help to estimate energy expenditure and fueling requirements during training and racing [23].…”

Section: Nutritional Considerations For Para-cycling Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy demands should be estimated individually. It seems worthwhile to use indirect calorimetry to measure REE as no REE equation was developed for athletes with SCI or amputation [16]. Together with data from the training sessions and existing literature (Table 2) on energy expenditure during training [9], energy needs might be estimated in order to plan the nutritional intervention.…”

Section: Practical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional Considerations for Para-Cycling Athletes: A Narrative Review

Flueck

2021

Sports

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Para-cycling is a sport including athletes with different disabilities competing on the track and on the roads using bicycles, tandems, tricycles, and handbikes. Scientific literature in this special population is scarce, especially in the field of sports nutrition. This review summarizes the physiological aspects and demands of para-cycling. This information together with the existing literature on nutritional interventions in this population, helps to discuss the nutritional considerations. To date, only a limited amount of recommendations are available for this population. In most para-cycling athletes, a reduction in active muscle mass and consequently a reduction in resting energy expenditure occurs, except for visually impaired athletes. Furthermore, carbohydrate and protein intake and hydration, supplementation, heat, and weight loss need to be tailored to the disability-specific adaptations such as the reduced active muscle mass, neurogenic bladder, and bowel, a reduced metabolic cost during exercise, and a higher risk of micronutrient deficiency.

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“…The assessment of FM accumulation in the android region is important from a health perspective as the central accumulation of FM is a well-recognized risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases ( Goldstein et al, 2017 ; Stillman & Williams, 2019 ). Furthermore, it has been recently pointed out the relevance of the resting energy expenditure to LM ratio to determine the nutrient intake needs for athletes with SCI ( Broad et al, 2020 ), whereas Eckard et al (2015) did not find changes in resting metabolism or walking energy expenditure during the first year following traumatic amputation, despite the body composition changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition and bone mineral density in athletes with a physical impairment

Cavedon

Sandri

Peluso

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background The impact of the type and the severity of disability on whole-body and regional body composition (BC), and bone mineral density (BMD) must be considered for dietary advice in athletes with a physical impairment (PI). This study aimed to investigate the impact of the type and the severity of disability on BC, the pattern of distribution of fat mass at the regional level, and BMD in athletes with a PI. Methods Forty-two male athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI, n = 24; age = 40.04 ± 9.95 years, Body Mass Index [BMI] = 23.07 ± 4.01 kg/m2) or unilateral lower limb amputation (AMP, n = 18; age = 34.39 ± 9.19 years, BMI = 22.81 ± 2.63 kg/m2) underwent a Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry scan. Each athlete with a PI was matched by age with an able-bodied athlete (AB, n = 42; age = 37.81 ± 10.31 years, BMI = 23.94 ± 1.8 kg/m2). Results One-Way Analysis of Variance showed significant differences between the SCI, AMP and AB groups for percentage fat mass (%FM) (P < 0.001, eta squared = 0.440). Post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni’s correction showed that athletes with SCI had significantly higher %FM vs. the AMP and AB groups (25.45 ± 5.99%, 21.45 ± 4.21% and 16.69 ± 2.56%, respectively; P = 0.008 vs. AMP and P < 0.001 vs. AB). The %FM was also significantly higher in the AMP vs. the AB group (P < 0.001). Whole-body BMD was negatively affected in SCI athletes, with about half of them showing osteopenia or osteoporosis. In fact, the mean BMD and T-score values in the SCI group (1.07 ± 0.09 g/cm2 and −1.25 ± 0.85, respectively) were significantly lower in comparison with the AB group (P = 0.001 for both) as well as the AMP group (P = 0.008 for both). The type of disability affected BC and BMD in the trunk, android, gynoid and leg regions in SCI athletes and the impaired leg only in AMP athletes. Conclusions In conclusion, the type of disability and, partly, the severity of PI impact on BC and BMD in athletes with a PI. Nutritionists, sports medicine doctors, clinicians, coaches and physical conditioners should consider athletes with SCI or AMP separately. Athletes with a PI would benefit from specific nutrition and training programs taking into account the type of their disability.

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Measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in wheelchair rugby athletes

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes?

How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes?

Nutritional Considerations for Para-Cycling Athletes: A Narrative Review

Body composition and bone mineral density in athletes with a physical impairment

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