Measured sound speeds and acoustic nonlinearity parameter in liquid water up to 523 K and 14 MPa

Abstract

Sound speed in liquid water at temperatures between 275 and 523 K and pressures up to 14 MPa were experimentally determined using a high temperature/high pressure capable acoustic resonance cell. The measurements enabled the determination of the temperature and pressure dependence of sound speed and thus the parameter of acoustic nonlinearly, B/A, over this entire P-T space. Most of the sound speeds measured in this work were found to be within 0.4% of the IAPWS-IF97 formulation, an international standard for calculating sound speed in water as a function of temperature and pressure. The values for B/A determined at laboratory ambient pressure and at temperatures up to 356 K, were found to be in general agreement with values calculated from the IAPWS-IF97 formulation. Additionally, B/A at 293 K was found to be 4.6, in agreement with established literature values. C 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license

Acoustic Characterization of Fluorinert FC-43 Liquid with Helium Gas Bubbles: Numerical Experiments

“…In this section, we evaluate the nonlinear parameter of this bubbly liquid by applying the second approach described in Section 2 [15,20]. The acoustic nonlinear parameter, = 1 + /(2 ), measures the capacity of a medium to distort nonlinearly an acoustic wave, where / is a measure of the nonlinearity in the equation of state of a material [19,[21][22][23][24]. To this purpose, we use the finite-amplitude technique described in [25].…”