“…Based on Csikszentmihalyi’s approach, the enjoyment-based challenge-XP association examines how, accounting for enjoyment components, the challenging dimension of the game determines the gaming experience. As Ellis et al [28], we find a 4-channel model which is close to Csikszentmihalyi’s reduced model (see Figure 2). Figure 2.Gaming experience/challenge correspondence mapping.
…”
Applied to video games, Csikszentmihalyi’s work on flow evidences that a positive gaming experience is intrinsically self-rewarding and primarily determined by the skill/challenge balance. A multi-layered measure of enjoyment is built to take these components into account. Gamers were asked to report the concentration-enjoyment they experienced during a first-person shooter game, and to better assess the gap between skill and challenge, the challenge enjoyment was also rated. Along with concentration level, concentration enjoyment is used to build a gaming experience typology that accounts for the self-rewarding component. An enjoyment-based challenge mapping is also drawn up, crossing challenge enjoyment and challenge level. The results show that this integrative enjoyment measure strengthens the causal link between challenge and gaming experience. Most importantly, the findings suggest that challenge or concentration-based enjoyment measures outweigh the standard concentration and difficulty measures as they are more likely to ensure a pleasant and positive experience (flow or relaxation) for the gamers. Indeed, regardless of the reported level of challenge, a gamer is more likely to have a positive experience when challenged at a level she perceives as pleasant. This article emphasizes the importance for game publishers of gathering enjoyment-based concentration and challenge assessments to ensure a positive gaming experience and gamers’ commitment.
“…Based on Csikszentmihalyi’s approach, the enjoyment-based challenge-XP association examines how, accounting for enjoyment components, the challenging dimension of the game determines the gaming experience. As Ellis et al [28], we find a 4-channel model which is close to Csikszentmihalyi’s reduced model (see Figure 2). Figure 2.Gaming experience/challenge correspondence mapping.
…”
Applied to video games, Csikszentmihalyi’s work on flow evidences that a positive gaming experience is intrinsically self-rewarding and primarily determined by the skill/challenge balance. A multi-layered measure of enjoyment is built to take these components into account. Gamers were asked to report the concentration-enjoyment they experienced during a first-person shooter game, and to better assess the gap between skill and challenge, the challenge enjoyment was also rated. Along with concentration level, concentration enjoyment is used to build a gaming experience typology that accounts for the self-rewarding component. An enjoyment-based challenge mapping is also drawn up, crossing challenge enjoyment and challenge level. The results show that this integrative enjoyment measure strengthens the causal link between challenge and gaming experience. Most importantly, the findings suggest that challenge or concentration-based enjoyment measures outweigh the standard concentration and difficulty measures as they are more likely to ensure a pleasant and positive experience (flow or relaxation) for the gamers. Indeed, regardless of the reported level of challenge, a gamer is more likely to have a positive experience when challenged at a level she perceives as pleasant. This article emphasizes the importance for game publishers of gathering enjoyment-based concentration and challenge assessments to ensure a positive gaming experience and gamers’ commitment.
“…When flow is applied to the context of work, most studies (Ellis, Voelkl and Morris, 1994) define it as an optimal experience that is the consequence of a situation in which challenges and skills are high and in equilibrium. Some researchers (e.g.…”
The aims of this study are to consider the experience of flow from a nonlinear dynamics perspective. The dynamic history of motivation, coupled with the temporal nature of the flow experience, would suggest that flow experiences fluctuate over time in a dynamical fashion.Thus it can be argued that the potential for chaos is strong. The sample was composed of 20 employees (both full and part time) recruited from a number of different organizations and work backgrounds. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) was used for data collection. Once obtained the temporal series, they were subjected to various analyses proper to the complexity theory (Visual Recurrence Analysis and Surrogate Data Analysis). Results showed that in 80% of the cases, flow presented a chaotic dynamic, in that, flow experiences delineated a complex dynamic whose patterns of change were not easy to predict. Limitations of the study and future research are discussed.
“…In this state, people are intensely involved in an activity and so nothing else seems to matter. In addition to the pleasure in the activity and the intrinsic interest to continue doing it, the total immersion in an activity seems to be a central aspect of the flow experience (Csikszentmihalyi et al, 1993;Ellis et al, 1994;Ghani and Deshpande, 1994;Larson and Richards, 1994). On the basis of these previous studies, Bakker (2005) applied the concept of flow to the work situation, and defined flow as a short-term peak experience at work that is characterized by absorption, work enjoyment and intrinsic work motivation.…”
ABSTRACT. The present 2-wave study among 258 secondary school teachers investigates the relationship between personal and organizational resources on the one hand, and work-related flow on the other hand. On the basis of Hobfoll ' s (1988) conservation of resources theory, Bandura' social cognitive theory (1997; 2001), and Fredrickson's (1998) ''broaden-and-build'' theory of positive emotions, we formulated two hypotheses: (1) personal resources (i.e., self-efficacy beliefs) and organizational resources (including social support climate and clear goals) facilitate work-related flow (work absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic work motivation); and (2) work-related flow has a positive influence on personal and organizational resources. The results of a series of structural equation modeling analyses offer clear support for both hypotheses. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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