Measurement and Correlation of Phase Diagram Data of Hydrophilic Alcohols (1-Propanol/2-Propanol) + Salts (Na2SO4/(NH4)2SO4/NH4NO3) + Water Systems

Abstract

Binodal data and the ternary liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) was experimentally determined at 298.15 K for hydrophilic alcohols (1-propanol or 2-propanol) + salts (Na 2 SO 4 , (NH 4) 2 SO 4 or NH 4 NO 3) + water systems. The salting-out and the phase-forming abilities of the salts and alcohols for the investigated ATPSs were discussed. The salting-out abilities of the investigated salts follow the order Na 2 SO 4 > (NH 4) 2 SO 4 > NH 4 NO 3 , which can be indicated by the location of the binodal curves plotted in mass fraction, the effective excluded volume (EEV), the salting-out coefficient (K s), the size of the ions, and the Gibbs free energy of hydration of the ions. The phase-separation ability of the studied hydrophilic alcohols was discussed on the basis of the dielectric constant and boiling point of the alcohols. The results show that the phase-separation capability of the system consists of different hydrophilic alcohols in the order: 1-propanol>2-propanol. Furthermore, the binodal curves of the studied systems were satisfactorily correlated by a nonlinear equation with four parameters. The reliability of the calculation method and the corresponding LLE data was successfully proved by the Othmer-Tobias equation and the Bancroft equation.

Volumetric and compressibility studies and phase equilibria of aqueous biphasic systems of alcohols using phase diagram

“…Up to now, various researchers were carrying out the study of ATPS by using a phase diagram in which they used some models and equations to correlate the binodal and tie line in liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In recent years, several researchers focused on the measurement and investigation of thermodynamics of ATPSs composed of an aqueous solution of a short chain aliphatic alcohol in the presence of an electrolyte [10,11,[17][18][19][20][21]. However, the detailed study of molecular interactions responsible for phase separation is not reported in detail.…”

Improving the Extraction of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solution by the Use of Acetone as an Adjuvant in ATPS Containing Poly(ethylene glycol) and Organic Salts and the Study of Its Phase Behavior

“…This can result in having constant effects on the environment. , The environmental protection organization (EPA) has reported the acceptable value of these particles as about 1 mg/L in wastewater. Antibiotics are less biodegradable, highly toxic, carcinogenic, and allergenic, and cause the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. − Due to tetracycline’s high hydrophobicity (high tendency to form hydrogen bonds with water) and its low volatility, these characteristics make it more challenging to treatment …”

“…Also, the cost-effectiveness issue has made adsorption and oxidation methods out of usage. Using membranes might cause damage from the different organic solvents. − Solid-phase extraction or matrix solid-phase dispersion methods usually take a while and have a low selectivity factor.…”