Measurement and modelling of high-resolution flow-velocity data under simulated rainfall on a low-slope sandy soil

Abstract

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 AbstractThe study presented here is focussed on the question of the hydraulic nature of the threshold that allows a rill to start. A rainfall-simulation experiment was carried out to produce highresolution flow-velocity data. The experiment employed a 10 m × 4 m experimental plot with a 1 % slope, which had been previously eroded and had a small rill formed in the middle. The experiment consisted of a 2 h 15'-long rainfall at a constant intensity of 69 mm h -1 . Surface elevation was measured before rainfall at a horizontal resolution of 2.5 cm across, and 5 cm along the slope direction. During rainfall, flow velocities were measured at 68 locations on the plot with the Salt Velocity Gauge technology, an automated, miniaturized device based on the inverse modelling of the propagation of a salt plume. The experiment led to the collection of flow-velocity measurements which are novel in three ways: (i) the small size of the measured section, which was only 10-cm long and 1-cm wide, (ii) the wide range of measured flow velocities, which ranged from 0.006 m s -1 to 0.27 m s -1 and, (iii) the large number of measured locations.The flow-velocity field was simulated with three models: PSEM_2D solves the Saint-Venant equations in 2D, MAHLERAN uses a 1D kinematic wave in the slope direction coupled with a 2D flow-routing algorithm, and Rillgrow2, which involves an empirical runoff algorithm that is close in principle to the diffusion-wave equation in 2D. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (ff) and the infiltration parameters were calibrated in all cases to investigate the capabilities of the different models to reproduce flow hydraulics compatible with the onset of rilling. In a first 1 set of numerical experiments, ff was set uniform, and calibration used only the hydrograph. The comparison of simulated and observed flow-velocity field showed that PSEM_2D was the most satisfying model, at the cost of longer computational time. MAHLERAN gave surprisingly good results with regards to the simplicity of the model and its low computational needs. However, all models largely underestimated the highest velocity values, located in the rill. Furthermore, none of the models was able to simulate the Reynolds (Re) and Froude (Fr) numbers. The next numerical experiment was done with PSEM_2D. Non-uniform ff values were calibrated by fitting the simulated flow-velocity field to the observed one. The latter simulation produced realistic simulations of Re and Fr. The hydraulic conditions at the transition from interrill flow to rill flow are discussed. The results support the theory that supercritical flows are a necessary condition for a rill to emerge from a smooth surface.

Fluorescent particle tracers in surface hydrology: a proof of concept in a semi-natural hillslope

“…Such procedures are highly invasive for the environment and are hardly implemented on large scale plots. In addition, they are not adequate for real-time estimations in micro-channel flows (Tatard et al, 2008).…”

“…In particular, experiments on natural or semi-natural hillslopes are often based on tracers, including chemicals, naturally occurring water isotopes, dyes, and salts (Dunkerley, 2001;Lange et al, 2003;Planchon et al, 2005;McGuire et al, 2007;Berman et al, 2009;McMillan et al, 2012). Tracer dispersion issues and losses are minimized by conducting experiments on small scale plots (Tatard et al, 2008;Li, 2009;Mügler et al, 2011). Nonetheless, the tracer detection requires the deployment of probes or the collection of water samples, which can be hampered by the exiguous depths of natural rills (Tatard et al, 2008;Gomi et al, 2008b).…”

“…Tracer dispersion issues and losses are minimized by conducting experiments on small scale plots (Tatard et al, 2008;Li, 2009;Mügler et al, 2011). Nonetheless, the tracer detection requires the deployment of probes or the collection of water samples, which can be hampered by the exiguous depths of natural rills (Tatard et al, 2008;Gomi et al, 2008b).…”

“…Since the camera acquisition and a supercritical flow velocity regime (Tatard et al, 2008). This condition produces the formation of small hydraulic jumps and pools where sediments are massively transported from higher-gradient regions, that is, the top of the hillslope plot, to downstream tracts.…”

Depression storage and infiltration effects on overland flow depth-velocity-friction at desert conditions: field plot results and model

“…Usual procedures to study run-off-infiltration processes involve the use of hydrological models based on hydrograph records. Although a large body of literature has been devoted to the criteria used to inspect hydrograph records (Ewen, 2011), less attention has been paid to the fact that many hydrological models that can accurately reproduce hydrograph records, produce severely biased estimates of overland flow velocities (Mügler et al, 2011;Legout et al, 2012) or Reynolds-Froude numbers (Tatard et al, 2008).…”