Measurement and Modelling of Thermal and Mechanical Anisotropy of Parts Additively Manufactured using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

Baker, Andrew M.; McCoy, John D.; Majumdar, Bhaskar; Rumley-Ouellette, Brittany J.; Wahry, Jacob; Marchi, Alexandria N.; Bernardin, John D.; Spernjak, Dusan

doi:10.12783/shm2017/13917

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Parts printed in Nylon White without the micro carbon fiber reinforcement show more isotropic properties-albeit higher CTE-in all print orientations and infill patterns. These results align with previously reported CTE values for filled and unfilled FFF polymers where unfilled polymers generally show more isotropic CTE properties than their filled counterparts [20][21][22][23]. As seen in Table 1, the CTE of Onyx is not highly dependent on temperature, averaging 3.6 × 10 −5 1/ • C. Often polymers show two distinct slopes in CTE measurements; however, we did not see that phenomenon.…”

Section: Coefficient Of Thermal Expansionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Moisture Absorption on the Dimensional Accuracy of Carbon-Reinforced 3D Printed Parts

Faust¹,

Kelly²,

Jones³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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Environmental effects—temperature and moisture—on 3D printed part dimensional accuracy are explored. The coefficient of thermal expansion of four different nylon materials was determined for XY and ZX print orientations, with 0°, 45°/−45°, and 90° infill patterns. Unreinforced nylon exhibited a thermal expansion coefficient of the same order regardless of condition (from 11.4 to 17.5 × 10−5 1/°C), while nylons reinforced with discontinuous carbon fiber were highly anisotropic, for instance exhibiting 2.2 × 10−5 1/°C in the flow direction (0° infill angle) and 24.8 × 10−5 1/°C in the ZX orientation. The temperature profile of a part during printing is shown, demonstrating a build steady state temperature of ~ 35 °C. The effect of moisture uptake by the part was also explored, with dimensional changes of ~0.5–1.5% seen depending on feature, with height expanding the most. The effects of moisture were significantly reduced for large flat parts with the inclusion of continuous fiber reinforcement throughout the part.

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Section: Coefficient Of Thermal Expansionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Effects of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Moisture Absorption on the Dimensional Accuracy of Carbon-Reinforced 3D Printed Parts

Faust¹,

Kelly²,

Jones³

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…Material Anisotropy can be found in many polymeric parts produced via different technologies of additive manufacturing such as FDM, SLS, DLP and SLA [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] and the material anisotropy is defined in this study to have three categories: (a) mechanical anisotropy; (b) electrical anisotropy and (c) thermal anisotropy.…”

Section: Materials Anisotropy In Additively Manufactured Polymer Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Baker et al calculated the compressive modulus for FDM-built prototypes of polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in two longitudinal and transverse orientations. The values were compared with the equivalent measured value for the bulk of materials [ 12 ]. According to their results, the compressive modulus for PLA in the Z direction (transverse) was around 27% less than the value measured for bulk material and the longitudinal orientation measured value was around 16.6% less than the value measured for bulk PLA.…”

Section: Materials Anisotropy In Additively Manufactured Polymer Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study conducted by Baker et al [ 12 ], the anisotropy of thermal expansion for polymers and conductive polymers were investigated at two temperatures of 20 °C and 80 °C, respectively. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of PLA, ABS, PU and Conductive PLA (C-PLA) were compared when samples were printed longitudinal or transversal.…”

Section: Materials Anisotropy In Additively Manufactured Polymer Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Material Anisotropy in Additively Manufactured Polymers and Polymer Composites: A Review

Zohdi

Yang

2021

Polymers

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a sustainable and innovative manufacturing technology to fabricate products with specific properties and complex shapes for additive manufacturable materials including polymers, steels, titanium, copper, ceramics, composites, etc. This technology can well facilitate consumer needs on products with complex geometry and shape, high strength and lightweight. It is sustainable with having a layer-by-layer manufacturing process contrary to the traditional material removal technology—subtractive manufacturing. However, there are still challenges on the AM technologies, which created barriers for their further applications in engineering fields. For example, materials properties including mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the additively manufactured products are greatly affected by using different ways of AM methods and it was found as the material anisotropy phenomenon. In this study, a detailed literature review is conducted to investigate research work conducted on the material anisotropy phenomenon of additively manufactured materials. Based on research findings on material anisotropy phenomenon reported in the literature, this review paper aims to understand the nature of this phenomenon, address main factors and parameters influencing its severity on thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, and also, explore potential methods to minimise or mitigate this unwanted anisotropy. The outcomes of this study would be able to shed a light on improving additive manufacturing technologies and material properties of additively manufactured materials.

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“…printer. Furthermore, studies have shown that 3D printed components display mechanical properties that are anisotropic [1,4] The embedded prototype strain sensors presented in this thesis are printed with carbon filler material dispersed into a base thermoplastic and extruded to a given diameter to produce a filament that can be used in fused deposition modeling (FDM). The carbon filler material has a negligible effect on the overall mechanical properties of the thermoplastic, while simultaneously modifying the electrical conductivity, allowing the material to conduct electricity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Situ Printing of Conductive Polylactic Acid (cPLA) Strain Sensors Embedded into Additively Manufactured Parts using Fused Deposition Modeling

Ouellette

2018

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Measurement and Modelling of Thermal and Mechanical Anisotropy of Parts Additively Manufactured using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Moisture Absorption on the Dimensional Accuracy of Carbon-Reinforced 3D Printed Parts

Effects of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Moisture Absorption on the Dimensional Accuracy of Carbon-Reinforced 3D Printed Parts

Material Anisotropy in Additively Manufactured Polymers and Polymer Composites: A Review

In-Situ Printing of Conductive Polylactic Acid (cPLA) Strain Sensors Embedded into Additively Manufactured Parts using Fused Deposition Modeling

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