Measurement and Visualization of Programming Processes of Primary School Students in Scratch

Funke, Alexandra; Geldreich, Katharina

doi:10.1145/3137065.3137086

Cited by 1 publication

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Ke [30] categorised students’ game development acts more elaborately (e.g., “Off‐task”, “Script analysis”, “Test play”). Funke and Geldreich [18] conceptualised a visualisation technique to describe script design processes. Meerbaum‐Salant et al [41] identified two programming habits: bottom‐up programming (bricolage) and extremely fine‐grained programming.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Sprite properties, Scratch variables, custom variables, lists and cloud variables (storing and manipulating data in data types) [1,3,4,6,8,9,11,14,15,18,20,22,24,25,[28][29][30] Efficiency…”

Section: Abstractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• If, if-else, nested conditionals [3,4,6,9,11,14,15,18,[20][21][22][28][29][30] • And, or, not (Boolean logic) [3][4][5]9,11,14,15,18,21,28,29] • Arithmetic operations [3,9,15,18,29,30] • Absolute and relational operations [1,3] Modelling and design…”

Section: Abstractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Sprite properties, variables and lists (abstractions of properties) [1,3,4,6,8,9,11,14,15,18,20,22,24,25,29,30] • Coding patterns, make-a-blocks and cloning (abstractions of behaviours) [1,[5][6][7][8][9]11,14,[20][21][22]24,25,28,30] • Continuous events (repeat until), discrete events (wait until) and initialisation (abstractions of states) [1,7,8,11,20,22,24,25,28,30] • Complex projects with several scripts and sprites [3,5,9,21,28] Algorithms…”

Section: Abstractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Coding patterns, make-a-blocks and cloning (coding separate procedures as specific functionalities) [1,[6][7][8][9]11,14,20,22,24,25,28,30] • Initialisation [1,7,8,20,24,25] • Sequencing, looping and selection in coding patterns (algorithm control) [1,[3][4][5][6]8,9,11,14,15,18,[20][21][22][23][24][25][28][29][30] • Self-calling (recursive) make-a-blocks [5,22] Automation…”

Section: Abstractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Computational thinking in programming with Scratch in primary schools: A systematic review

Fagerlund

Häkkinen

Vesisenaho

et al. 2020

Comp Applic In Engineering

128

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Computer programming is being introduced in educational curricula, even at the primary school level. One goal of this implementation is to teach computational thinking (CT), which is potentially applicable in various computational problem‐solving situations. However, the educational objective of CT in primary schools is somewhat unclear: curricula in various countries define learning objectives for topics, such as computer science, computing, programming or digital literacy but not for CT specifically. Additionally, there has been confusion in concretely and comprehensively defining and operationalising what to teach, learn and assess about CT in primary education even with popular programming akin to Scratch. In response to the growing demands of CT, by conducting a literature review on studies utilising Scratch in K–9, this study investigates what kind of CT has been assessed in Scratch at the primary education level. As a theoretical background for the review, we define a tangible educational objective for introducing CT comprehensively in primary education and concretise the fundamental skills and areas of understanding involved in CT as its “core educational principles”. The results of the review summarise Scratch programming contents that students can manipulate and activities in which they can engage that foster CT. Moreover, methods for formatively assessing CT via students' Scratch projects and programming processes are explored. The results underpin that the summarised “CT‐fostering” programming contents and activities in Scratch are vast and multidimensional. The next steps for this study are to refine pedagogically meaningful ways to assess CT in students' Scratch projects and programming processes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%