Due to the decrease in cost, size and weight, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming more and more popular for general-purpose civil and commercial applications. Provision of communication services to UAVs both for user data and control messaging by using off-the-shelf terrestrial cellular deployments introduces several technical challenges. In this paper, an approach to the air-to-ground channel characterization for low-height UAVs based on an extensive measurement campaign is proposed, giving special attention to the comparison of the results when a typical directional antenna for network deployments is used and when a quasi-omnidirectional one is considered. Channel characteristics like path loss, shadow fading, root mean square delay and Doppler frequency spreads and the K-factor are statistically characterized for different suburban scenarios.Index Terms-UAV; Air-to-Ground; Communications channels; Time-varying channels; Aircraft communication
I. INTRODUCTIONSmall Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are rapidly changing their main scope from the traditional military usage in hostile environments [1], [2] to general-purpose civil and commercial applications. The decrease in their cost, size and weight, the increase of their battery life, their high maneuverability and their ability to hover [3] make them an appropriate tool for a wide set of applications, such as border surveillance, operations in inaccessible areas, delivery of goods, search and rescue missions [3]-[6], precise land mapping by aerial imagery [7]-[10] or precise farming [11], [12]. The provision of temporary network access after natural disasters, emergency situations or in saturated environments became one of the key J. Rodríguez-Piñeiro and Z. Huang are with the