Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of a German-language Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory among cisgender sexual minority and heterosexually identified women and men.

Komlenac, Nikola; Eggenberger, Lukas; Walther, Andreas; Maresch, Franziska; Lamp, Elisa; Hochleitner, Margarethe

doi:10.1037/men0000429

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The ten subscales represent the following masculine norms: Emotional Control, Winning, Playboy, Violence, Heterosexual self-presentation, Pursuit of status, Primacy of Work, Power over Women, Self-Reliance, Risk-Taking. The German-language version used in the current study showed adequate evidence for convergent validity and test-retest reliability, as well as invariance across sexual orientation, i.e., assessing the same construct among men who identify as heterosexual or as sexual minorities (Komlenac et al, 2023). In the present sample, the CMNI-30 total score possessed an internal consistency of Cronbach's α = .81 and McDonald's ω = .84; with its subscales ranging from α = .65 and ω = .66 for the Violence subscale to α = ω = .93 for the Heterosexual self-presentation subscale.…”

Section: Conformity To Masculine Norms Inventory -30mentioning

confidence: 82%

Men’s Psychotherapy Dropout is Associated with Conformity to Traditional Masculinity Ideologies

Schneeberger,

Ehlert,

Eggenberger

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective: High conformity to traditional masculinity ideologies (TMI) is associated withlower use of psychotherapy, higher self-stigmatization and poor mental health outcomes amongst men. However, the role of conformity to TMI in relation to psychotherapy dropout is still unclear.Aim: The present study aims to clarify the relationship between conformity to TMI and premature termination of psychotherapy (dropout) in men.Method: Data was used from an anonymous online survey in German-speaking Europe. Participants with previous psychotherapy experience provided information on sociodemographics, mental health, TMI, and their past experiences with psychotherapy. Discontinuation of psychotherapy was assessed by self-report and further differentiated into discontinuation with or without consulting the therapist. Men with an unconsulted therapy ending were defined as psychotherapy dropouts. Conformity to TMI was assessed using the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.Results: Of the 266 men (mean [SD] age, 46.1 [13.6]) with psychotherapy experience, 30.5% (n = 81) reported having discontinued psychotherapy at least once, whereas 17.7% (n = 47) of the total sample reported dropout. These 47 men showed significantly higher conformity to TMI than men who did not report past dropout. The sub-scales of self-reliance and playboy showed the strongest associations with psychotherapy dropout.Conclusions: Dropout from psychotherapy was significantly associated with higher conformity to TMI. Therapists should consider, and where necessary, work to flexibly adapt to TMI which may influence how men engage in mental health care. Such an approach would likely improve men’s ongoing engagement in psychotherapy, promoting opportunities to prevent avoidable psychotherapy dropout for men most at risk of deleterious mental health outcomes.

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Section: Conformity To Masculine Norms Inventory -30mentioning

confidence: 82%

Men’s Psychotherapy Dropout is Associated with Conformity to Traditional Masculinity Ideologies

Schneeberger,

Ehlert,

Eggenberger

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…However, this lack of reliability must be considered when drawing conclusions involving the MC-SDS. Furthermore, a recent validation study of the German version of the CMNI-30 ( Komlenac et al, 2023 ) found that a bifactor model is only valid in heterosexual-identified men, but not sexual minority men. Hence, for about 30% of sexual minority men in the present sample, the use of a total score would not be indicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the original English version internal consistencies ranging from α = 0.72 to α = 0.94 have been reported ( Levant et al, 2020 ). The German translation was reported to have internal consistencies of ω = 0.63 to ω = 0.94 and to be invariant across sexual orientation, i.e., measuring the same constructs with the same accuracy in heterosexually identified and sexual minority men ( Komlenac et al, 2023 ). Furthermore, for heterosexually identified cisgender men the validation of the German version of the CMNI-30 supported the use of a total score for TMI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do traditional masculinity ideologies and emotional competence relate to aggression and physical domestic violence in cisgender men?

et al. 2023

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BackgroundMen are disproportionately often perpetrators of physical domestic violence (DV). Gender role constructs, such as traditional masculinity ideologies (TMI), are broadly accepted as an explanation for this effect. Emotional competence further constitutes an important role in TMI and the prevention of DV. However, the interactions between these constructs remains unclear.ObjectiveThe present study aims to investigate associations of TMI with aggression, DV perpetration, and emotional competence, while also examining emotional competence as a potential moderator.MethodA sample of 428 cisgender men (Mage = 43.9 ± 15.3) from German-speaking countries in Europe completed an anonymous online survey that assessed TMI, aggression, and DV perpetration as well as alexithymia, emotion regulation, and self-compassion as indicators of emotional competence.ResultsStrong TMI were associated with high levels of aggression and overall reduced emotional competence, as reflected by high levels of alexithymia, frequent use of expressive suppression, and low levels of self-compassion. Strong conformity to TMI was associated with a higher likelihood for DV perpetration when considering relevant sociodemographic covariates. Moderation analyses revealed that expressive suppression buffered the association between TMI and DV perpetration.ConclusionMen with strong TMI report high levels of aggression and impaired emotional competence. While strong conformity to TMI was associated with more frequent perpetration of DV, higher expressive suppression seems to buffer the association between TMI and DV perpetration. The present study highlights the importance of addressing gender ideologies when working on aggression, DV perpetration and emotional competence in men.

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“…Most studies on TM have been based on research involving men living in English-speaking countries. Nevertheless, research within and outside English-speaking countries demonstrated gender, sexuality, age, ethnic, and national differences (e.g., Komlenac & Hochleitner, 2022;Komlenac et al, 2023;Krivoshchekov et al, 2021Krivoshchekov et al, , 2022; R. F. Levant, 2011; R. Levant & Richmond, 2007).…”

Section: Traditional Masculinitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some scholars consider that various elements of TM form a single construct (i.e., traditional masculinity ideology and GRC; Komlenac & Hochleitner, 2022;Krivoshchekov et al, 2021;McDermott et al, 2017;O'Neil, 2015); therefore, it can be assumed that different domains are similarly associated with sexism. Others believe that the different elements of TM are relatively independent of each other and do not form a single construct (conformity to masculine norms; Komlenac et al, 2023;Krivoshchekov et al, 2022;; therefore, one would expect that different domains are differently associated with sexism. In the second case, the question arises as to which TM domains are more strongly associated with sexism.…”

Section: Relationship Between Tm and Sexismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional masculinities and men’s sexism: A meta-analysis.

Krivoshchekov¹,

Gulevich²,

Blagov³

2023

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Traditional masculinities (TM) are a set of meanings related to men. The power attached to these meanings operates to maintain the inequality of gender relations. Previous studies have reported a positive correlation between traditional masculinities and men's sexism, limiting women's personal and professional opportunities. To quantify this relationship, a meta-analysis was conducted using 107 independent samples (mainly from the United States) from 21,078 men, reported in 44 articles between 1984 and 2021. Although we observed that TM positively correlated with men's sexism, there was wide variability in effect sizes. An examination of potential moderators revealed that the relationship was significantly different between different forms of TM. The relationship between sexism and conformity to masculine norms and traditional masculinity ideology was stronger than the relationship with gender role stress. Further, TM were more strongly related to forms of sexism that reflect overt negative attitudes toward women (old-fashioned and hostile sexisms) than to forms that reflect covert sexist attitudes (modern and benevolent sexism). Moreover, the link between TM and sexism was stronger in the general population than in student samples. However, these findings should be interpreted and taken with caution due to the presence of substantial heterogeneity in effect sizes. Public Significance StatementThis study integrates findings from 21,078 respondents across 107 samples of men regarding the relationship between traditional masculinities and men's sexism. In general, men's endorsement of traditional masculinities was positively associated with sexism against women. However, we found evidence of considerable variability in the effect sizes. Therefore, the estimates should be taken with caution and not be interpreted in absolute terms.

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Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of a German-language Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory among cisgender sexual minority and heterosexually identified women and men.

Cited by 12 publications

References 85 publications

Men’s Psychotherapy Dropout is Associated with Conformity to Traditional Masculinity Ideologies

Men’s Psychotherapy Dropout is Associated with Conformity to Traditional Masculinity Ideologies

How do traditional masculinity ideologies and emotional competence relate to aggression and physical domestic violence in cisgender men?

Traditional masculinities and men’s sexism: A meta-analysis.

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