Measurement of Air–Sea Fluxes over the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal

Bhat, G. S.

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0767:moasfo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Atmospheric models require the air‐sea temperature difference Δ t (= SST − Ta) and specific humidity difference Δ q (= Qs − Qa) for sensible heat and latent heat computations. Bhat [] showed using ship‐based in situ observations—BoB Monsoon Experiments (BOBMEX) during July to August 1999 [ Bhat et al ., ] and BOBMEX‐Pilot Experiment from 23 October to 11 November 1998—that a strong seasonal dependence of Δ q on SST over the Indian Ocean exists. He also showed that over the BoB, Δ q increases linearly with SST above 28°C, similarly to the western Pacific Ocean [ Waliser and Graham , ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of near‐surface air temperature and specific humidity from hybrid global products and their impact on latent heat flux in the North Indian Ocean

Rahaman

Ravichandran

2013

JGR Oceans

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Daily near‐surface air temperature (Ta) and specific humidity (Qa) from three hybrid flux products, namely, Coordinated Ocean‐Ice Reference Experiments version II (CORE‐II), Objectively Analyzed Air‐Sea Fluxes (OAFlux), and Air‐Sea Fluxes for the Global Tropical Oceans (TropFlux), are evaluated using in situ data over the North Indian Ocean. The analysis shows that the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) value of Ta is ~0.5°C for all products. TropFlux captures the daily variability of Ta very well, but it has a systematic deviation in Ta. The large drop in Ta observed during intense rainfall events is very well captured by TropFlux. All products overestimate Qa by 0.3–1.5 g/kg; OAFlux has the smallest systematic deviation, whereas TropFlux has the highest correlation with buoy data. The overestimation of Qa by the products is mainly caused by high values of Qa, in the range of 18–22 g/kg. The RMSE of Qa ranges from 0.92 to 1.79 g/kg, with OAFlux having the lowest values. Latent heat flux (LHF) computed from a bulk algorithm is underestimated by all products, which can be primarily attributed to the positive bias in Qa. In the southern Bay of Bengal, LHF decreases with increasing Qa during winter and summer monsoons. In this region, a change in 1 g/kg Qa can cause about 11–15 W/m2 errors in LHF. The air‐sea humidity difference is linearly related to sea surface temperature for values greater than 28°C, similar to findings for the western Pacific Ocean.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of near‐surface air temperature and specific humidity from hybrid global products and their impact on latent heat flux in the North Indian Ocean

Rahaman

Ravichandran

2013

JGR Oceans

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“…One of the important satellite-derived parameters which can determine the variability of the SST is the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR). It is found that changes in the OLR can lead to changes in the SST over a period of a few days (Premkumar et al 2000;Bhat 2003). The moored buoy observations show high seasonality in the magnitudes of the diurnal range of SSTs (ΔSST) in the North Indian Ocean (Shenoi et al 2009).…”

Section: Intra-seasonal and Diurnal Variability Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two decades of operating the Indian moored buoy network: significance and impact

Venkatesan

Lix

Reddy

et al. 2016

Journal of Operational Oceanography

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Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the North Indian Ocean play a vital role in the onset, progression and withdrawal of the Indian monsoon. This paper describes the Ocean Observation System (OOS), an operational observational programme of the Earth System Science Organization and the National Institute of Ocean Technology (ESSO-NIOT) under India's Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). Since 1997 it has provided oceanographic and surface meteorological data in real time for weather forecasting, climate research and several other applications. The programme focuses on understanding the phenomenon of the mean seasonal cycle of the Indian monsoon, the intra-seasonal to intra-decadal oscillations of air-sea interactions, trends that are related to tropical cyclones and the annual cycle balance in the exchange of waters between the two limbs of North Indian Ocean, i.e. the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. In situ observations are also used to develop, initialise and validate regional forecast models that provide high resolution data. There is also a growing need to understand the spatial phenomenon of oceans using satellite observations, wherein the quality of data needs to be validated and verified carefully. This paper also provides an overview of the scientific and societal impact of the Indian moored buoy network over two decades of operation. ARTICLE HISTORYHistorically, ocean surface measurements have been made via ships of opportunity, cargo vessels that sail the oceans to conduct maritime trade. These measurements were made for the safety of the ships' navigation,

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“…The NSW and NLW can be measured by conventional measuring instruments (Bhat 2002). Sensible, momentum and latent heat fluxes have been calculated using following bulk formulae.…”

Section: Observational Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past decade, several field experiments have been conducted onboard ships covering different parts of the tropical Indian Ocean, including Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) (Mitra 1999), the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (JASMINE) (Webster et al 2002), and Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX) (Bhat et al 2001). These experiments have provided in situ data to study the surface characteristic of the atmosphere and ocean over the Indian Ocean (Webster et al 2002;Bhat 2002;Bhat et al 2003), but these experiments were limited to tropical Indian Ocean only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Sea Surface Fluxes over Southern Indian Ocean Cruise Expedition Observation and NCEP Reanalysis

2012

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Surface layer atmospheric and ocean observations have been collected along the cruise track from a special scientific expedition to Antarctica. Bulk estimates of surface momentum flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux have been computed applying bulk algorithms from the data collected along cruise track during the time period January 27 to March 31, 2006, and compared the results with National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. Underestimation of surface momentum flux in roaring forties (40 • S-50 • S) area of Indian Ocean is seen from NCEP reanalysis. Systemic differences in sensible and latent heat fluxes between observed and NCEP reanalysis have been found. Along the cruise track, the average sensible (latent) heat flux was 9.45 Wm −2 (67.46 Wm −2 ) and 3.75 Wm −2 (64.45 Wm −2 ) from the direct measurement and NCEP reanalysis, respectively. The NCEP reanalysis is being widely used in numerical modeling studies, and the discrepancies shown in the NCEP reanalysis in present study will be of immense use to the modeling community of the Indian Ocean in general and Southern Indian Ocean in particular.

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Measurement of Air–Sea Fluxes over the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of near‐surface air temperature and specific humidity from hybrid global products and their impact on latent heat flux in the North Indian Ocean

Evaluation of near‐surface air temperature and specific humidity from hybrid global products and their impact on latent heat flux in the North Indian Ocean

Two decades of operating the Indian moored buoy network: significance and impact

A Comparison of Sea Surface Fluxes over Southern Indian Ocean Cruise Expedition Observation and NCEP Reanalysis

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