Measurement of approach-avoidance conflict along a stimulus dimension by a thematic apperception test1

Fenz, Walter D.; Epstein, Seymour

doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1962.tb01693.x

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Several lines of evidence in non‐musical domains showed that the relevance of the task for a given subject plays a role in modulating the SCR (Dindo & Fowles, 2008; Epstein & Fenz, 1962; Fenz & Epstein, 1962; Lang et al, 1998; Ohman & Soares, 1994; Perpina, Leonard, Bond, Bond, & Banos, 1998; Stormark, Laberg, Nordby, & Hugdahl, 2000). These studies, carried out with psychiatric patients and normal volunteers, revealed that higher SCRs specific to a given object were dependent on individual experience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some evidence in a non‐musical domain suggests that the relevance of the task for a given subject could modulate SCRs. For example, parachutists exhibit larger skin conductance orienting response to parachutist‐relevant words and pictures than do inexperienced controls (Epstein & Fenz, 1962; Fenz & Epstein, 1962). Since musical experience acquired through lessons or practice can influence the emotional response to dissonance, it seems relevant to explore the effect of musical experience on emotional reaction to dissonance by combining subjective rating judgments with objective autonomic (SCR and HR) and somatomotor (EMG) measurements in response to musical listening.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The effect of musical experience on emotional self‐reports and psychophysiological responses to dissonance

et al. 2011

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To study the influence of musical education on emotional reactions to dissonance, we examined self-reports and physiological responses to dissonant and consonant musical excerpts in listeners with low (LE: n=15) and high (HE: n=13) musical experience. The results show that dissonance induces more unpleasant feelings and stronger physiological responses in HE than in LE participants, suggesting that musical education reinforces aversion to dissonance. Skin conductance (SCR) and electromyographic (EMG) signals were analyzed according to a defense cascade model, which takes into account two successive time windows corresponding to orienting and defense responses. These analyses suggest that musical experience can influence the defense response to dissonance and demonstrate a powerful role of musical experience not only in autonomic but also in expressive responses to music.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of musical experience on emotional self‐reports and psychophysiological responses to dissonance

et al. 2011

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“…(Cook, 1969;Feldstein, Brenner, & Jaffe, 1963;Kasl & Mahl, 1965;Levin, Baldwin, Gallwey, & Paivio, 1960;Mahl, 1956;Pope, Siegman, &Blass, 1970;Ragsdale & Silvia, 1982;Siegman, 1978). Mild to moderate anxiety also produces accelerated speaking tempo, shorter response latencies, and fewer or shorter silences (Feldstein et al, 1963;Fenz & Epstein, 1962;Kanfer, 1958aKanfer, , 1958bScherer, 1981Scherer, ,1982Siegman, 1978;Siegman & Pope, 1965a, 1965b, while high anxiety leads to more pausing, longer latencies, slower tempo, higher fundamental frequency (which is perceived as pitch), a wide range and variability in pitch, and high intensity amplitude (often perceived as loudness) (Cappella, 1985;Cook, 1969;Fenz & Epstein, 1962;Hecker, Stevens, von Bismark, & Williams, 1968;Mahl, 1956;Scherer, 1981;Siegman, 1978). Speaking tempo and latencies conform to th4 inverted-U hypothesis, first accelerating, then declining as anxiety becomes extreme.…”

Section: Arousal Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nature of Arousal and Nonverbal Indices

Burgoon¹,

Kelley²,

Newton³

et al. 1989

Human Comm Res

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Thecurrent monographasserts that nonverbal behaviorscan serveas usefulovert indices of experienced arousal. Various conceptualizutions of arousal and factors eliciting arousnl in communication situations are examined. It is proposed that, from a communicntion standpoint, indices of arousal and arousal change are best classijied along two dimensions of arousal intensity and arousal valence. Diverse bodies of literature on nonverbal coiicornitaii ts ojarousnlare reviewed. As afirst test ofwhether separate profiles exist for negatively, as opposed to positively or neutrally, valenced arousal, data are analyzed from a mock-interview experiment in which, following a baseline interview, participants (N=52) were subjected by an interviewer to either increased or decreased involvement. 717e involvement changes were expected to elevate arousal intensity for all participants nnd induce positively or negatively valenced arousal in the two respective conditions. Polynomial regressions and z-test comparisons of correlations revealed that 16 composites, comprising a total of47 nonverbal vnriables, showed significant associations with clinnges in arousal.

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“…Fenz and Epstein (1962) find a sharp increase in reaction time to response under very high anxiety conditions. The competing results can comfortably be accommodated by Murray's (1971) and Siegman's (1978) explanation that stress and anxiety have a facilitating effect on speech performance up to a point and then an increasingly debilitating effect, in short, an inverted-U relationship.…”

Section: Affective-intrapersonalmentioning

confidence: 89%

Talk-Silence Sequences in Informal Conversations I

Cappella

1979

Human Comm Res

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The literature relevant to talk and silence sequences in informal social conversations is reviewed in terms of individual consistency in talk and silence across and within conversations, the factors which can modify talk and silence consistencies, and the influence of partners' talk and silence behaviors on the other's response. The review leads to the postulation of four models of talk-silence sequences of increasing complexity and decreasing parsimony. The Markov model describes within-conversation sequences; the Independent Decision (ID) model describes across-conversation sequences under the assumptions of perfect consistency and independence of action; the Incremental model relaxes the consistency assumption of the ID model; the Regulation model relaxes both assumptions of the ID model, incorporating the possibility of mutual influence between partners rather than independence.The structure of informal conversations can be approached from diverse perspectives and with diverse purposes in mind. The present research approaches conversations by focusing exclusively on objective measures of talk and silence and their sequential structure. This orientation is adopted for two reasons: numerous social impressions are based on simple indices of talk and silence behavior, and talk and silence sequences are among the most fundamental aspects of human interaction upon which all other behaviors are written.Recent summaries of the literature (Hayes & Meltzer, 1972;Lustig, 1977) pay strong tribute to the effects of mere talk and silence variables in interpersonal and small-group situations. As Lustig (1977) notes: Talkative persons were found to be more productive (Norfleet, 1948), more task-oriented (Strodtbeck &

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Measurement of approach-avoidance conflict along a stimulus dimension by a thematic apperception test1

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

The effect of musical experience on emotional self‐reports and psychophysiological responses to dissonance

The effect of musical experience on emotional self‐reports and psychophysiological responses to dissonance

The Nature of Arousal and Nonverbal Indices

Talk-Silence Sequences in Informal Conversations I

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