Measurement of charge multiplicity asymmetry correlations in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions at<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:msub><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>200</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>GeV

Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z.; Alakhverdyants, A. V.; Alekseev, I.; Alford, J.; Anson, C.; Arkhipkin, D.; Aschenauer, E. C.; Averichev, G. S.; Balewski, J.; Banerjee, A.; Barnovska, Z.; Beavis, D.; Bellwied, R.; Betancourt, M.; Betts, R. R.; Bhasin, A.; Bhati, A. K.; Bichsel, H.; Bielčík, J.; Bielčíková, J.; Bland, L. C.; Bordyuzhin, I. G.; Borowski, W.; Bouchet, J.; Brandin, A. V.; Brovko, S. G.; Bruna, E.; Bültmann, S.; Bunzarov, I.; Burton, T. P.; Butterworth, J. M.; Cai, X. Z.; Caines, H.; Sánchez, M. Calderón De La Barca; Cebra, D.; Cendejas, R.; Cervantes, M. C.; Chaloupka, P.; Chang, Z.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chen, H. F.; Chen, J. H.; Chen, J. Y.; Chen, L.; Cheng, J.; Cherney, M.; Chikanian, A.; Christie, W.; Chung, P.; Chwastowski, J. J.; Codrington, M. J. M.; Corliss, R.; Cramer, J. G.; Crawford, H. J.; Cui, X.; Das, S.; Leyva, A. Davila; Silva, L. C. De; Debbe, R.; Dedovich, T. G.; Deng, J.; Souza, R. Derradi de; Dhamija, S.; Didenko, L.; Ding, F.; Dion, A.; Djawotho, P.; Dong, X.; Drachenberg, J. L.; Draper, J. E.; Du, C. M.; Dunkelberger, L. E.; Dunlop, J. C.; Efimov, L. G.; Elnimr, M.; Engelage, J.; Eppley, G.; Eun, L.; Evdokimov, O.; Fatemi, R.; Fazio, S.; Fedorišin, J.; Fersch, R. G.; Filip, P.; Finch, E.; Fisyak, Y.; Flores, Eleazar Cuautle; Gagliardi, C. A.; Gangadharan, D. R.; Garand, D.; Geurts, F. J. M.; Gibson, A.; Gliske, S.; Gorbunov, Y. N.; Grebenyuk, O. G.; Grosnick, D.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, S.; Guryn, W.; Haag, B.; Hajkova, O.; Hamed, A.; Han, L.; Harris, J. W.; Hays-Wehle, J. P.; Heppelmann, S.; Hirsch, A.; Hoffmann, G. W.; Hofman, D. J.; Horvat, S.; Huang, B.; Huang, H. Z.; Huck, P.; Humanic, T. J.; Igo, G.; Jacobs, W. W.; Jena, C.; Judd, E. G.; Kabana, S.; Kang, K.; Kapitan, J.; Kauder, K.; Ke, H. W.; Keane, D.; Kechechyan, A.; Kesich, A.; Kikoła, D. P.; Kiryluk, J.; Kisel, I.; Kisiel, A.; Kizka, V.; Koetke, D. D.; Kollegger, T.; Konzer, J.; Koralt, I.; Koroleva, L. I.; Korsch, W.; Kotchenda, L.; Кравцов, П.; Krueger, K.; Kulakov, I.; Kumar, L.; Lamont, M. A.C.; Landgraf, J. M.; Landry, K. D.; LaPointe, S.; Lauret, J.; Lebedev, A.; Lednický, R.; Lee, J. H.; Leight, W. A.; LeVine, M. J.; Li, C.; Li, W.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Li, Z. M.; Lima, L. M.; Lisa, M. A.; Liu, F.; Ljubičić, T.; Llope, W. J.; Longacre, R. S.; Lu, Y.; Luo, X.; Łuszczak, A.; L., G.; G., Y.; Don, D. M. M. D. Madagodagettige; Mahapatra, D. P.; Majka, R.; Margetis, S.; Markert, C.; Masui, H.; Matis, H. S.; McDonald, D.; McShane, T. S.; Mioduszewski, S.; Mitrovski, M.; Mohammed, Y.; Mohanty, B.; Mondal, M. M.; Morozov, B.; Munhoz, M. G.; Mustafa, M. K.; Naglis, M.; Nandi, B. K.; Nasim, Md.; Nayak, T. K.; Nelson, J. M.; Nogach, L. V.; Novák, J.; Odyniec, G.; Ogawa, A.; Oh, K.; Ohlson, A.; Okorokov, V.; Oldag, E. W.; Oliveira, R. A. Negrao De; Olson, D.; Ostrowski, P.; Pachr, M.; Page, B. S.; Pal, S. K.; Pan, Y. X.; Pandit, Y.; Panebratsev, Y.; Pawlak, T.; Pawlik, B.; Pei, H.; Perkins, C.; Peryt, W.; Pile, P.; Planinić, M.; Pluta, J.; Poljak, N.; Porter, J.; Powell, C. B.; Pruthi, N. K.; Przybycień, M.; Pujahari, P. R.; Putschke, J.; Qiu, H.; Ramachandran, S.; Raniwala, R.; Raniwala, S.; Ray, R. L.; Redwine, R.; Riley, C. K.; Ritter, H. G.; Roberts, J.; Rogachevskiy, O. V.; Romero, J. L.; Ross, J. F.; Ruan, L.; Rusňák, J.; Sahoo, N.; Sahu, P. K.; Sakrejda, I.; Salur, S.; Sandacz, A.; Sandweiss, J.; Sangaline, E.; Sarkar, A.; Schambach, J.; Scharenberg, R. P.; Schmah, A.; Schmidke, B.; Schmitz, N.; Schuster, T.; Seele, J.; Seger, J.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Seyboth, P.; Shah, N.; Shahaliev, E.; Shao, M.; Sharma, B.; Sharma, Meenakshi; Shi, S. S.; Shou, Q.; Sichtermann, E. P.; Singaraju, R.; Skoby, M. J.; Smirnov, D.; Smirnov, N.; Solanki, D.; Sorensen, P.; Desouza, U. G.; Spinka, H. M.; Srivastava, B.; Stanislaus, T. D. S.; Steadman, S. G.; Stevens, J. R.; Stock, R.; Strikhanov, M.; Stringfellow, B.; Suaide, Alexandre Alarcon Do Passo; Suarez, M. C.; Šumbera, M.; Sun, X. M.; Sun, Y.; Sun, Z.; Surrow, B.; Svirida, D. N.; Symons, T. J. M.; Toledo, A. Szanto de; Takahashi, J.; Tang, A. H.; Tang, Z.; Tarini, L. H.; Tarnowsky, T.; Thomas, J. H.; Tian, J.; Timmins, A. R.; Tlusty, D.; Tokarev, M.; Trentalange, S.; Tribble, R. E.; Tribedy, P.; Trzeciak, B. A.; Tsai, O. D.; Turnau, J.; Ullrich, T.; Underwood, D. G.; Buren, G. Van; Nieuwenhuizen, G. van; Vanfossen, J. A.; Varma, R.; Vasconcelos, G. M.S.; Videbæk, F.; Viyogi, Y. P.; Vokál, S.; Vossen, A.; Wada, M.; Wang, F.; Wang, H.; Wang, J. S.; Wang, Q.; Wang, X. L.; Wang, Y.; Webb, G.; Webb, J. C.; Westfall, G. D.; Whitten, C.; Wieman, H.; Wissink, S. W.; Witt, R.; Wu, Y. F.; Zhang, Xiao; Xie, W.; Xin, K.; Xu, H.; Xu, N.; Xu, Q. H.; Xu, W.; Xu, Y.; Xu, Z.; Xue, L.; Yang, Yi; Yepes, P.; Yi, L.; Yip, K.; Yoo, I. K.; Zawisza, M.; Zbroszczyk, H.; Zhang, J. B.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, X. P.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z. P.; Zhao, Feng; Zhao, J.; Chen, Zhong; Zhu, X.; Zhu, Y.; Zoulkarneeva, Y.; Zyzak, M.

doi:10.1103/physrevc.89.044908

Cited by 101 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Such a splitting was observed by the STAR collaboration [550][551][552] and appears to be in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions.…”

Section: Chiral Magnetic Effect In Heavy Ion Collisionssupporting

confidence: 83%

Quantum field theory in a magnetic field: From quantum chromodynamics to graphene and Dirac semimetals

2015

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a b s t r a c tA range of quantum field theoretical phenomena driven by external magnetic fields and their applications in relativistic systems and quasirelativistic condensed matter ones, such as graphene and Dirac/Weyl semimetals, are reviewed. We start by introducing the underlying physics of the magnetic catalysis. The dimensional reduction of the low-energy dynamics of relativistic fermions in an external magnetic field is explained and its role in catalyzing spontaneous symmetry breaking is emphasized. The general theoretical consideration is supplemented by the analysis of the magnetic catalysis in quantum electrodynamics, chromodynamics and quasirelativistic models relevant for condensed matter physics. By generalizing the ideas of the magnetic catalysis to the case of nonzero density and temperature, we argue that other interesting phenomena take place. The chiral magnetic and chiral separation effects are perhaps the most interesting among them. In addition to the general discussion of the physics underlying chiral magnetic and separation effects, we also review their possible phenomenological implications in heavy-ion collisions and compact stars. We also discuss the application of the magnetic catalysis ideas for the description of the quantum Hall effect in monolayer and bilayer graphene, and conclude that the generalized magnetic catalysis, including both the magnetic catalysis condensates and the quantum Hall ferromagnetic ones, lies at the basis of this phenomenon. We also consider how an external magnetic field affects the underlying physics in a class of three-dimensional quasirelativistic condensed matter systems, Dirac semimetals. While at sufficiently low temperatures and zero density of charge carriers, such semimetals are expected to reveal the regime of the magnetic catalysis, the regime of Weyl semimetals with chiral asymmetry is realized at nonzero density. Finally, we discuss the interplay between relativistic quantum field theories (including quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics) in a magnetic field and noncommutative field theories, which leads to a new type of the latter, nonlocal noncommutative field theories.

show abstract

“…Such a splitting was observed by the STAR collaboration [550][551][552] and appears to be in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions.…”

Section: Chiral Magnetic Effect In Heavy Ion Collisionssupporting

confidence: 83%

Quantum field theory in a magnetic field: From quantum chromodynamics to graphene and Dirac semimetals

2015

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show abstract

“…Bzdak et al [149,150,151] showed that the measured correlation signal is in-plane rather than out-of-plane as would be expected from the CME. This was also concluded by the STAR experiment using the charge multiplicity asymmetry observable [108]. The authors [149,150,151] also showed that the global momentum conservation contributes significantly to the measured γ signal, and pointed out the importance to also measure the δ correlator (see Sect.…”

Section: Nature Of Charge-dependent Backgroundsmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Due to finite multiplicity fluctuations, one can easily vary the shape of the measured particle azimuthal distribution in final-state momentum space. This measured shape is directly related to the v 2 backgrounds in the measured ∆γ correlator [108,156].…”

Section: Event-by-event V 2 Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The backgroundsuppressed ∆γ signal can be extracted from the intercept at v 2,ebye = 0. With the limited statistics from Run-4 data (taken in year 2004 by STAR), the extracted intercept is consistent with zero in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions [108]. Analysis of higher statistics data from later runs indicates that the intercept is finite, greater than zero [190].…”

Section: Event-by-event V 2 Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Toneev et al [155] came to the same conclusion using the parton hadron string dynamics (PHSD) model. Petersen et al [154] investigated the effect of jet correlations on the CME-sensitive multiplicity asymmetry observable [108] and found it less significant than the effects due to momentum and local charge conservations. AMPT model simulations can also largely account for the measured ∆γ signal [54,164,165].…”

Section: Nature Of Charge-dependent Backgroundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental searches for the chiral magnetic effect in heavy-ion collisions

Zhao

Wang

2019

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

108

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The chiral magnetic effect (CME) in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) refers to a charge separation (an electric current) of chirality imbalanced quarks generated along an external strong magnetic field. The chirality imbalance results from interactions of quarks, under the approximate chiral symmetry restoration, with metastable local domains of gluon fields of non-zero topological charges out of QCD vacuum fluctuations. Those local domains violate the P and CP invariance, potentially offering a solution to the strong CP problem in explaining the magnitude of the matterantimatter asymmetry in today's universe. Relativistic heavy-ion collisions, with the likely creation of the high energy density quark-gluon plasma and restoration of the approximate chiral symmetry, and the possibly long-lived strong magnetic field, provide a unique opportunity to detect the CME. Early measurements of the CME-induced charge separation in heavy-ion collisions are dominated by physics backgrounds. Major efforts have been devoted to eliminate or reduce those backgrounds. We review those efforts, with a somewhat historical perspective, and focus on the recent innovative experimental undertakings in the search for the CME in heavy-ion collisions.Keywords: heavy-ion collisions, chiral magnetic effect, three-point correlator, elliptic flow background, invariant mass, harmonic plane Our universe started from the Big Bang singularity [1] with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, but is today dominated by only matter. No significant concentration of antimatter has ever been found in the observable universe [2]. This matter-antimatter asymmetry is caused by CP (chargeconjugation parity) violation, a slight difference in the physics governing matter and antimatter [3,4], as in e.g. electroweak baryogenesis [5,6]. CP is violated in the weak interaction but the magnitude of the CKM quark-sector CP violation [7,8] is too small to explain the present universe matter-antimatter asymmetry [9]. It is unclear whether the lepton-sector CP violation through leptogenesis [3,10] is large enough to account for the matter-antimatter asymmetry. CP violation in the strong interaction in the early universe may be needed. CP violation is not prohibited in the strong interaction [11] but none has been experimentally observed [12,13]. This is called the strong CP problem [11,14]. To solve the strong CP problem, Peccei and Quinn [14,15] proposed to extend the QCD (quantum chromodynamics) Lagrangian by a CP-violating θ term, first introduced by 't Hooft [16,17] in resolving the axial U (1) problem [18]. It predicts the existence of a new particle called the axion. If axions exist, they would not only offer a solution to the strong CP problem, but could also be a dark matter candidate [19]. On the other hand, the Peccei-Quinn mechanism would remove the large, flavour diagonal CP violation, precluding a solution to the strong CP problem to arise from QCD. However, axions have not been detected after four decades of search since its conception [20,21].Here, we concent...

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The Chiral Magnetic Effect and Corresponding Observables in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Shi

2019

Soft and Hard Probes of QCD Topological Structures in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

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Measurement of charge multiplicity asymmetry correlations in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions atsNN=200GeV

Cited by 101 publications

References 86 publications

Quantum field theory in a magnetic field: From quantum chromodynamics to graphene and Dirac semimetals

Quantum field theory in a magnetic field: From quantum chromodynamics to graphene and Dirac semimetals

Experimental searches for the chiral magnetic effect in heavy-ion collisions

The Chiral Magnetic Effect and Corresponding Observables in Heavy-Ion Collisions

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