Measurement of Chromosomal Arms and FISH Reveal Complex Genome Architecture and Standardized Karyotype of Model Fish, Genus Carassius

Knytl, Martin; Fornaini, Nicola R.

doi:10.3390/cells10092343

Cited by 17 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…A review of publications exploring the diverse karyotpes of Carassius is summarised in Table 1 , with descriptions of ploidy in C. auratus , C. gibelio , C. langsdorfii , C. cuvieri , C. buergeri , and C. grandoculis . Additional information on the numbers of chromosomes and karyotype formulas for diploid C. auratus , C. carassius , and C. gibelio have previously been reviewed in Knytl and Fornaini ([ 26 ], Table 3), and therefore, they are not included in this review. The standardized karyotypes for diploids C. auratus , C. carassius , and C. gibelio have also been recently established [ 26 ].…”

Section: Early Cytogenetic Studies Of Carassius Ka...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fish of Multiple Faces, Which Show Us Enigmatic and Incredible Phenomena in Nature: Biology and Cytogenetics of the Genus Carassius

Knytl

Forsythe

Kalous

2022

IJMS

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Sexual vs. asexual reproduction—unisexual vs. bisexual populations—diploid vs. polyploid biotypes—genetic vs. environmental sex determination: all these natural phenomena are associated with the genus of teleost fish, Carassius. This review places emphasis on two Carassius entities with completely different biological characteristics: one globally widespread and invasive Carassius gibelio, and the other C. carassius with a decreasing trend of natural occurrence. Comprehensive biological and cytogenetic knowledge of both entities, including the physical interactions between them, can help to balance the advantages of highly invasive and disadvantages of threatened species. For example, the benefits of a wide-ranged colonization can lead to the extinction of native species or be compensated by parasitic enemies and lead to equilibrium. This review emphasizes the comprehensive biology and cytogenetic knowledge and the importance of the Carassius genus as one of the most useful experimental vertebrate models for evolutionary biology and genetics. Secondly, the review points out that effective molecular cytogenetics should be used for the identification of various species, ploidy levels, and hybrids. The proposed investigation of these hallmark characteristics in Carassius may be applied in conservation efforts to sustain threatened populations in their native ranges. Furthermore, the review focuses on the consequences of the co-occurrence of native and non-native species and outlines future perspectives of Carassius research.

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Section: Early Cytogenetic Studies Of Carassius Ka...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fish of Multiple Faces, Which Show Us Enigmatic and Incredible Phenomena in Nature: Biology and Cytogenetics of the Genus Carassius

Knytl

Forsythe

Kalous

2022

IJMS

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“…Both 5S and 28S primer sequences (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA) are listed in Table S1. Preparation of the 5S and 28S probes including modified PCR conditions (Sember et al, 2015) and labelling with Digoxigenin-11-dUTP and Biotin-16-dUTP (both Jena Bioscience) is detailed in Knytl and Fornaini (2021). The 5S and 28S probes were hybridized with chromosomal spreads of X. calcaratus.…”

Section: Ribosomal Gene Mapping and Chromosome Bandingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both arms of each chromatid were measured in pixels using ImageJ, V 1.53i (Schneider et al, 2012). The p and q arm lengths were quantified as described in Knytl and Fornaini (2021). To identify each chromosome, we analyzed chromosomal length (l), p/q arm ratio (r 1 ) (Tymowska, 1973), centromeric index (i), and q/p arm ratio (r 2 ) (Levan et al, 1964).…”

Section: Measurement and Identification Of X Calcaratus Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergent subgenome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus calcaratus

Knytl

Fornaini

Bergelová

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Allopolyploid genomes are divided into compartments called subgenomes that are derived from lower ploidy ancestors. In African clawed frogs of the subgenus Xenopus (genus Xenopus), allotetraploid species have two subgenomes (L and S) with morphologically distinct homoeologous chromosomes. In allotetraploid species of the sister subgenus Silurana, independently evolved subgenomes also exist, but their cytogenetics have not been investigated in detail. We used an allotetraploid species in Silurana—Xenopus calcaratus—to explore evolutionary dynamics of chromosome morphology and rearrangements. We find that the subgenomes of X. calcaratus have distinctive characteristics, with a more conserved a-subgenome resembling the closely related genome of the diploid species X. tropicalis, and a more rapidly evolving b-subgenome having more pronounced changes in chromosome structure, including diverged heterochromatic blocks, repetitive sequences, and deletion of a nucleolar secondary constriction. Basedon these cytogenetic differences, we propose a chromosome nomenclature for X. calcaratus that may apply to other allotetraploids in subgenus Silurana, depending on as yet unresolved details of theire volutionary origins. These findings highlight the potential for large-scale asymmetry in subgenome evolution following allopolyploidization.

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“…Then, choosing the right or suitable parents and screening the hybrid offspring with improved characteristics becomes one of the main directions of fish genetic breeding ( Wang et al, 2015 ). Goldfish ( Carassius auratus Var., 2n = 100, GF), within the subfamily of Cyprinidae, genus Carassius which are commonly speculated as ancient polyploids ( Braasch and Postlethwait, 2012 ; Knytl and Fornaini, 2021 ), presents the advantages of a colorful body and strong disease resistance. Bleeker’s yellow tail ( Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, 2n = 48, YT), within the subfamily of Xenocyprininae , possesses the benefit of excellent meat quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Allotriploid Hybrid Derived From Female Goldfish × Male Bleeker’s Yellow Tail

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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Hybridization is a traditional and effective strategy to alter the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring, and distant hybridization is a useful strategy to generate polyploids in fish. In this study, goldfish (Carassius auratus, GF, 2n = 100) and Bleeker’s yellow tail (Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, YT, 2n = 48), which belong to different subfamilies, were crossed with each other. The cross of female GF × male YT successfully obtained hybrid offspring (GFYT hybrids), while the cross of female YT × male GF was lethal, and all the fertilized eggs stopped developing before the neurula stage of embryogenesis. All GFYT hybrids possessed 124 chromosomes (3n = 124) with two sets from GF and one set from YT. The measurable and countable traits of GFYT hybrids were identified, and the genetic characteristics of 5S rDNA between GFYT hybrids and their parents were also revealed. There were, respectively, four and three different 5S rDNA types in GF (assigned as GF-Ⅰ∼Ⅳ) and YT (assigned as YT-Ⅰ∼Ⅲ), and GFYT hybrids specifically inherited YT-Ⅰ and YT-Ⅱ 5S rDNA types from YT and GF-Ⅲ and GF-Ⅳ from GF. In addition, there were only testis-like and fat-like gonads been found in GFYT hybrids. Interestingly, there were pyknotic and heteromorphous chromatin and invaginated cell membrane observed in the spermatids of testis-like gonads, but no mature sperm were found. Furthermore, TUNEL assays indicated that, compared with control, apparent apoptotic signals, which were mainly distributed around spermatid regions, were detected in the testis-like gonads, and the expression of apoptosis pathway-related genes including p53, bcl-2, bax, and caspase9 was significantly upregulated. Moreover, the expression of meiosis-related genes including spo11, dmc1, and rad51 showed an abnormally high expression, but mns1 and meig1, two key genes involved in the maturation of spermatid, were extremely downregulated. In brief, this is the first report of allotriploid via distant hybridization between GF and YT that possessing different chromosome numbers in vertebrates. The obtainment of GFYT hybrids not only harbors potential benefits and application in aquaculture but also further extends the understanding of the influence of hybridization and polyploidization on the genomic constitution of the hybrid offspring. Furthermore, they can be used as a model to test the origin and consequences of polyploidization and served as a proper resource to study the underlying mechanisms of spermatogenesis dysfunctions.

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Measurement of Chromosomal Arms and FISH Reveal Complex Genome Architecture and Standardized Karyotype of Model Fish, Genus Carassius

Cited by 17 publications

References 64 publications

A Fish of Multiple Faces, Which Show Us Enigmatic and Incredible Phenomena in Nature: Biology and Cytogenetics of the Genus Carassius

A Fish of Multiple Faces, Which Show Us Enigmatic and Incredible Phenomena in Nature: Biology and Cytogenetics of the Genus Carassius

Divergent subgenome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus calcaratus

A Novel Allotriploid Hybrid Derived From Female Goldfish × Male Bleeker’s Yellow Tail

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