Measurement of Fine Particles in Diesel Emissions Using a Real-Time Aerosol Monitor

Zhu, Jiping; Aikawa, Bio; Pigeon, René

doi:10.1080/10473289.2005.10464701

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The total experimental setup can be found in [21]. [26]. A single stage partial flow dilution system (PFDS) was used in this study to dilute the representative exhaust gas sample drawn from the engine for PM measurements.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That exhaust is of concern because of its impact on visibility and for its potential health hazards. Particulate emissions can be classified as potential occupational carcinogen and can have a number of other negative health impacts associated with exposure [3][4][5][6]. It is generally agreed that diesel engines used in transport systems represent an important source of ambient particulate matter [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion and emissions characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous fuels

Mustafi

Raine

Verhelst

2013

Fuel

203

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Among the different efforts towards the reduction in pollutant emissions from direct injection (DI) diesel engines, the use of gaseous fuels as a partial supplement for diesel fuel has been proposed by many researchers. These engines are known as dual fuel engines. An experimental investigation was performed to investigate the influence of dual-fuel combustion on the performance and exhaust emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with natural gas (NG) and biogas. In this work, the combustion pressure and the rate of heat release were evaluated experimentally in order to analyze the combustion characteristics and their effects on exhaust emissions including particulate matter (PM) for single-fuel (diesel) and dual fuel combustion modes. The use of NG as an alternative fuel is a promising solution.Biogas, on the other hand, is a renewable alternative fuel that has tremendous potential to be used in diesel engines especially in developing nations. Comparative results are presented revealing the effect of dual fuel combustion on engine performance and exhaust gaseous and PM emissions for the engine operating conditions considered in this study.

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Section: Experimental Setup and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion and emissions characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous fuels

Mustafi

Raine

Verhelst

2013

Fuel

203

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“…This sequential online nature makes it suitable for modeling the dynamics of human learning in our experiments. Similar process models have previously been applied to animal (Daw and Courville, 2008; Gershman et al, 2010) and human (Brown and Steyvers, 2009; Frank et al, 2010; Sanborn et al, 2010) learning, although the generative assumptions of those models differ from our own 4

The particle filtering algorithm maintains a set of L samples z (1: L ) t − 1 distributed approximately according to the posterior, P ( z t − 1 | c 1: t − 1 , x 1: t − 1 ).

…”

Section: Particle Filtering Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 96%

Perceptual estimation obeys Occam's razor

Gershman

Niv

2013

Front. Psychol.

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Theoretical models of unsupervised category learning postulate that humans “invent” categories to accommodate new patterns, but tend to group stimuli into a small number of categories. This “Occam's razor” principle is motivated by normative rules of statistical inference. If categories influence perception, then one should find effects of category invention on simple perceptual estimation. In a series of experiments, we tested this prediction by asking participants to estimate the number of colored circles on a computer screen, with the number of circles drawn from a color-specific distribution. When the distributions associated with each color overlapped substantially, participants' estimates were biased toward values intermediate between the two means, indicating that subjects ignored the color of the circles and grouped different-colored stimuli into one perceptual category. These data suggest that humans favor simpler explanations of sensory inputs. In contrast, when the distributions associated with each color overlapped minimally, the bias was reduced (i.e., the estimates for each color were closer to the true means), indicating that sensory evidence for more complex explanations can override the simplicity bias. We present a rational analysis of our task, showing how these qualitative patterns can arise from Bayesian computations.

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“…Gehrig et al (2007) examined the influence on PM 10 concentrations from dust associated with electric trains in Switzerland. A number of previous studies have reported EFs for on-road diesel trucks and buses (Jamriska et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2005;Cheng et al, 2006;Park et al, 2011;Dallmann et al, 2012), but to our knowledge, similar studies have not been reported for diesel rail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…Instead, accurate measurements using the DustTrak require a comparison against a mass-based measurement for the aerosol of interest (Moosmuller et al, 2001). A number of previous EF studies have also used the DustTrak to rapidly measure several size fractions of PM and calculate EFs from individual vehicles (e.g., Park et al, 2011;Dallmann et al, 2012), but usually after calibration of the response factor against a massbased method (Jamriska et al, 2004;Zhu et al, 2005;Cheng et al, 2006). For our study, we calibrated the DustTrak against a mass-based TEOM measurement (described above).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do coal and diesel trains make for unhealthy air?

Jaffe¹

2013

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We sought to evaluate the air quality implications of rail traffic at two sites in Washington State. Our goals were to quantify the exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) and airborne coal dust from current trains for residents living near the rail lines and to measure the DPM and black carbon emission factors (EFs). We chose two sites in Washington State, one at a residence along the rail lines in the city of Seattle and one near the town of Lyle in the Columbia River Gorge (CRG). At each site, we made measurements of size-segregated particulate matter (PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 ), CO 2 and meteorology, and used a motion-activated camera to capture video of each train for identification. We measured an average DPM EF of 0.94 g/kg diesel fuel, with an uncertainty of 20%, based on PM 1 and CO 2 measurements from more than 450 diesel trains. We found no significant difference in the average DPM EFs measured at the two sites. Open coal trains have a significantly higher concentration of particles greater than 1 µm diameter, likely coal dust. Measurements of black carbon (BC) at the CRG site show a strong correlation with PM 1 and give an average BC/DPM ratio of 52% from diesel rail emissions. Our measurements of PM 2.5 show that living close to the rail lines significantly increases PM 2.5 exposure. For the one month of measurements at the Seattle site, the average PM 2.5 concentration was 6.8 µg/m 3 higher near the rail lines compared to the average from several background locations. Because the excess PM 2.5 exposure for residents living near the rail lines is likely to be linearly related to the diesel rail traffic density, a 50% increase in rail traffic may put these residents over the new U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards, an annual average of 12 µg/m 3 .

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Measurement of Fine Particles in Diesel Emissions Using a Real-Time Aerosol Monitor

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Combustion and emissions characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous fuels

Combustion and emissions characteristics of a dual fuel engine operated on alternative gaseous fuels

Perceptual estimation obeys Occam's razor

Do coal and diesel trains make for unhealthy air?

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