Measurement of Flame Temperature Distribution in Engines by Using a Two-Color High Speed Shutter TV Camera System

Kawamura, Kazutaka; Saito, Akinori; Yaegashi, Takehisa; Iwashita, Yoshihiro

doi:10.4271/890320

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…More details have been provided in the Supporting Information. Figure displays the centerline temperature in flames; it could be found that the flame temperature measured by this method is basically consistent with the temperature in the thermocouple and those found in the literature . In addition, the flame temperature remains approximately constant with ammonia addition, which is consistent with the Roper correlation ( L F ∝ 1/ T F 0.67 ), that is, the flame temperature is proportional to the reciprocal of the flame height .…”

Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…To ensure the accuracy of temperature, three temperatures are collected at different heights above the burner (HAB) for fuel A0, and the average value is taken as the flame temperature, as shown in Table . The second method is a noncontact temperature measurement method based on image RGB calculation (two-color method) . A simple explanation is as follows.…”

Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second method is a noncontact temperature measurement method based on image RGB calculation (two-color method). 38 A simple explanation is as follows.…”

Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Qian,

Shi,

2024

Energy Fuels

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As a noncarbon fuel, ammonia is being explored as a potential alternative. This study delves into the physical and chemical impacts of ammonia in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames. Initially, an experiment is conducted to scrutinize the flame characteristics, including temperature, in these flames. Subsequently, a new C 2 H 4 −NH 3 −PAH model is developed and verified through ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, and species profiles. Building on this model, the study analyzes the physical and chemical effects of ammonia on temperature, gas emissions (CO, CO 2 , NO, NO 2 , HCN, and N 2 O), formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the nucleation, condensation, growth, and oxidation of soot in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames. The findings reveal that under constant ethylene flow rates the use of ammonia has minimal impact on flame temperature. Moreover, ammonia decreases CO and CO 2 emissions primarily due to its dilution effect. However, gas emissions such as NO, NO 2 , HCN, and N 2 O significantly increase due to the chemical effect of ammonia. Furthermore, soot precursors noticeably decrease with the addition of NH 3 because of the inhibition of PAH formation through ammonia's dilution effect. Nevertheless, the chemical effect of ammonia plays a counterproductive role in reducing precursor formation, resulting in increased emissions of precursors A1−A4 due to the decreased free radicals. In the assessment of the nucleation, condensation, growth, and oxidation of soot in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames, the study indicates a substantial drop (25.7%) in the inception rate of A60 compared to A0 when using ammonia. It is noteworthy that the primary reason for the reduced soot formation with ammonia lies in the decrease of the inception rate through the dilution effect of ammonia and the inhibition of the hydrogen abstraction carbon addition (HACA) surface growth rate because the chemical effect of ammonia reduces free radical H and CH 3 concentrations.

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Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Experiments and Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Qian,

Shi,

2024

Energy Fuels

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“…However, with limited knowledge of the optical properties of diesel soot and also of the exact value of L, these interpretations have significant uncertainties. Therefore, it is customary in the dieselresearch literature to combine the product of K and L into a KL factor, which is used as a comparable measure of soot concentration in the diesel flames among different experiments and engine configurations [7,18,[20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Principles Of Two-colour Pyrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A system for quantitative imaging diagnostics and its application to pyrometric in-cylinder flame-temperature measurements in large diesel engines

Vattulainen

Nummela

Hernberg

et al. 2000

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This paper describes the development and a demanding field application of a double charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system, which allows simultaneous imaging at two different wavelength bands through common front-end optics. The imaging system has been assembled using two 1280 × 1024-pixel, 12-bit digital cameras together with standard, commercially available optical components for image splitting and filtering. The pixel resolution and wavelength separation of the system can be changed according to the requirements of the given application and the basic optical set-up can be used together with a variety of different types of front-end optics. The construction and performance of the double-camera system are described, together with preliminary experimental results from applying the system to in-cylinder combustion diagnostics of heavy-duty size-class, direct-injection diesel engines. To provide optical access into the combustion chamber of series-production-type engines, endoscope-based optics were used together with the camera system. Images taken at the two separate wavelength bands were used to calculate pyrometric diesel flame temperatures based on the blackbody radiation of the soot contained in the flame. The measurement system has been applied to engines with cylinder bores ranging from 20 cm up to 64 cm, delivering 0.15-1.6 MW power per cylinder during the measurements. In this paper specific results from measurements with Wärtsilä 4L20 and 6L32 engines are reported. These engines have 20 and 32 cm cylinder bores, respectively. In addition to the two-colour flame-temperature measurements, spectrally resolved measurements were performed to investigate a cloud-like, self-luminous phenomenon that was observed above the piston top even prior to the injection of fuel into these engines. This phenomenon was associated with the evaporating and chemically reacting fuel that originates from the residues which have been carried onto the piston top from the previous cycles. For the in-cylinder measurements reported here, the production-type test engines were only slightly modified to accept the endoscopic optics. During the measurements the engines were operated with realistic diesel fuels and other operation parameters. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous corresponding measurements reported in the literature for diesel engines of this size.

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“…Zhou et al (1995) employed a CCD sensor to measure the temperature distribution within a model combustor in order to predict the flame location, but the method needs a thermocouple to be installed as part of the integral system. Kawamura et al (1989) utilized two CCD cameras to acquire the radiation images of a flame at two different wavelengths and then to calculate the temperature distribution of the flame. However, it is difficult for this method to synchronize two cameras at a high-speed shutter in addition to requiring a consistent spectral response of the two cameras.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient two-dimensional temperature measurement of open flames by dual-spectral image analysis

Huang

Yan

2000

Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control

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A novel optical instrumentation system has been developed for on-line continuous measurement of two-dimensional temperature distribution of a combustion flame. The system comprises a special optical assembly, a charged coupled device camera, a frame-grabber and associated software. Based on the two-colour principle, the transient two-dimensional temperature of a flame is determined from the ratio of grey levels of corresponding pixels within two images, which are simultaneously captured at two different wavelengths. Accordingly, the instantaneous two-dimensional temperature distribution of the flame is presented by pseudo-colour. Discreet considerations in the design of the instrumentation system are also described, including the choice of wavelengths, correction of location and intensity of pixels, elimination of noise, and calibration of the instrument factor. A series of experiments was conducted for butane-fired open flames on a combustion test rig. The results show that the temperature of a fuel-rich premixed flame is higher than a diffusion flame and decreases linearly with the equivalence ratio. For a diffusion flame, however, the temperature increases with the fuel flow rate.

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Measurement of Flame Temperature Distribution in Engines by Using a Two-Color High Speed Shutter TV Camera System

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

Physical and Chemical Effects of Ammonia on Gas Emissions and Soot Formation in Laminar Coflow Ethylene Diffusion Flames

A system for quantitative imaging diagnostics and its application to pyrometric in-cylinder flame-temperature measurements in large diesel engines

Transient two-dimensional temperature measurement of open flames by dual-spectral image analysis

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