Measurement of Fluxes Over Land: Capabilities, Origins, and Remaining Challenges

Hicks, B. B.; Baldocchi, Dennis

doi:10.1007/s10546-020-00531-y

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…Water vapor pressure deficit is also the dominant factor on LE in Lake Valkea‐Kotinen (Finland) (Nordbo et al., 2011). On the one hand, given the radiative, conductive and diffusive essence of terrestrial evaporation, lake offers the convenience to clarify radiative and aerodynamic contribution, which is the basis for model parameterization (Cuxart & Boone, 2020; Hicks & Baldocchi, 2020). On the other hand, it is hard to fill in the knowledge gaps in evaporation process between lakes from the existing studies at individual lakes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiative and Aerodynamic Contribution to Evaporation: Eddy‐Covariance Comparison Between a Plain and a Plateau Lake

Cui

Zhang

Liu

2021

Earth and Space Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiative and Aerodynamic Contribution to Evaporation: Eddy‐Covariance Comparison Between a Plain and a Plateau Lake

Cui

Zhang

Liu

2021

Earth and Space Science

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“…When it is considered as a flux of matter from the surface to the atmosphere, eddy-covariance systems are considered to be the reference method. This equipment is expensive and its use is subject to certain constraints (Hicks and Baldocchi, 2020).…”

Section: Experimental Determination Of Evapotranspirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evapotranspiration over Land from a Boundary-Layer Meteorology Perspective

Cuxart

Boone

2020

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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The precise determination of Evapotranspiration (ET) is challenging because it is a quantity which is difficult to measure and to parametrize.Direct estimates include the determination of the change of mass of a volume of soil and vegetation that evapotranspirates using lysimeters, or direct measurements of turbulent water vapour fluxes by eddy-covariance systems.Parametrized estimates that make use of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory use vertical gradient measurements of temperature and moisture at one point, and line or area averages by means of scintillometers operating at high frequency.A relation for ET from well-watered surfaces was initially developed by Penman and later expanded for vegetated surfaces and for heterogeneous croplands. A popular simplified expression was obtained by Priestley and Taylor.The current challenge is to find expressions for ET in non-saturated conditions, which are common in arid and semi-arid climates, and for heterogeneous terrain.In numerical models, the estimated actual ET over land is obtained as the result of the explicit representation of the different involved sub-processes taking place in the soil and the canopy, using so-called land-surface models. Usually these mechanisms are described in a simplified manner and rely on a number of adjustable parameters. The improvement of such descriptions relies in the availability of experimental measurements to make the physical models more complete and robust.

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“…The Eddy covariance method aims to estimate the emission flux from a footprint area given the boundary layer meteorology. Historical developments and current implementations of this method are summarized in [174]. This method generally assumes stationarity of the measured data and fully developed turbulent conditions [175].…”

Section: Eddy Covariance (Ec)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Leak Detection and Quantification of Methane Emissions Using sUAS

Hollenbeck

Zulevic

Chen

2021

Drones

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Detecting and quantifying methane emissions is gaining an increasingly vital role in mitigating emissions for the oil and gas industry through early detection and repair and will aide our understanding of how emissions in natural ecosystems are playing a role in the global carbon cycle and its impact on the climate. Traditional methods of measuring and quantifying emissions utilize chamber methods, bagging individual equipment, or require the release of a tracer gas. Advanced leak detection techniques have been developed over the past few years, utilizing technologies, such as optical gas imaging, mobile surveyors equipped with sensitive cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), and manned aircraft and satellite approaches. More recently, sUAS-based approaches have been developed to provide, in some ways, cheaper alternatives that also offer sensing advantages to traditional methods, including not being constrained to roadways and being able to access class G airspace (0–400 ft) where manned aviation cannot travel. This work looks at reviewing methods of quantifying methane emissions that can be, or are, carried out using small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) as well as traditional methods to provide a clear comparison for future practitioners. This includes the current limitations, capabilities, assumptions, and survey details. The suggested technique for LDAQ depends on the desired accuracy and is a function of the survey time and survey distance. Based on the complexity and precision, the most promising sUAS methods are the near-field Gaussian plume inversion (NGI) and the vertical flux plane (VFP), which have comparable accuracy to those found in conventional state-of-the-art methods.

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Measurement of Fluxes Over Land: Capabilities, Origins, and Remaining Challenges

Cited by 23 publications

References 200 publications

Radiative and Aerodynamic Contribution to Evaporation: Eddy‐Covariance Comparison Between a Plain and a Plateau Lake

Radiative and Aerodynamic Contribution to Evaporation: Eddy‐Covariance Comparison Between a Plain and a Plateau Lake

Evapotranspiration over Land from a Boundary-Layer Meteorology Perspective

Advanced Leak Detection and Quantification of Methane Emissions Using sUAS

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