Measurement of gestational cocaine exposure: Sensitivity of infants' hair, meconium, and urine

Callahan, Cathleen; Grant, Therese M.; Phipps, P.; Clark, Gregory; Novack, Alvin H.; Streissguth, Ann P.; Raisys, Vidmantas A.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80245-8

Cited by 108 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Hair analysis is an extremely sensitive marker of cocaine use over a period of time dependent on the length of hair analyzed (47). (34;48;49) There has been concern, however, that passive exposure to cocaine may lead to a false positive result for hair analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal cocaine exposures and dose-related cocaine effects on infant tone and behavior

Chiriboga

Kuhn

Wasserman

2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal cocaine exposures and dose-related cocaine effects on infant tone and behavior

Chiriboga

Kuhn

Wasserman

2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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“…[16][17][18][19] Although not a precise reflection of the total grams of cocaine used by a mother during pregnancy or the gestational timing of use, the concentration of cocaine metabolites in meconium allows newborns to be rank ordered by their relative level of cocaine exposure. This rank order correlates with newborns' birth weight, behavior, and risk of subependymal hemorrhage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Modifying Effects of Caregiver, Early Intervention, and Birth Weight

et al. 2002

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Objectives-The objectives of this study were 1) to assess whether there is an independent association between the level of prenatal cocaine exposure and infants' developmental test scores after control of potential confounding variables; and 2) if such an association exists, to determine which biological and social variables, individually and in interaction with each other, may modify it.Methods-In a prospective, longitudinal study of 203 urban term infants, 3 cocaine exposure groups were defined by maternal report and infant meconium assay: unexposed, heavier cocaine exposure (> 75th percentile self-reported days of use or meconium benzoylecognine concentration), or lighter cocaine exposure (all others). Examiners, masked to exposure history, tested infants at 6, 12, and 24 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.Results-The final mixed linear regression model included as fixed covariates level of prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, and cigarettes; prenatal marijuana exposure; gestational age and birth weight z score for gestational age; and gender. Age at test, caregiver at time of each test (biological mother, kinship caregiver, unrelated foster caregiver), and any previous child-focused early intervention were included as time-dependent covariates. There were no significant adverse main effects of level of cocaine exposure on Mental Development Index (MDI), Psychomotor Development Index (PDI), or Infant Behavior Record. Child-focused early intervention interacted with level of cocaine exposure such that heavily exposed children who received such intervention showed higher adjusted mean MDI scores than all other groups. Although the sample was born at or near term, there was also a significant interaction of cocaine exposure and gestational age on MDI scores, with those in the heavier exposure group born at slightly lower gestational age having higher mean MDI scores compared with other children born at that gestational age.There was also a significant interaction on MDI between child's age and caregiver. At 6 months, the adjusted MDI of children living with a kinship caregiver was 15.5 points lower than that of children living with their biological mother, but this effect was diminished and was no longer significant at 24 months (difference in means: 4.3 points). The adjusted mean MDI of children in unrelated foster care at 6 months was 8.2 points lower than children of biological mothers, whereas it was 7.3 points higher at 24 months.Reprint requests to (D.A.F.) FGH #3, Boston Medical Center, 820 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: dafrank@bu.edu. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptPediatrics. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 May 5. Published in final edited form as:Pediatrics. 2002 December ; 110(6): 1143-1152. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptEarly intervention attenuated the age-related decline in PDI scores for all groups. Birth weight < 10th percentile was associated with lower PDI scores for children with heavier cocaine...

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“…Prior research on a broad range of xenobiotics indicates that metabolites of compounds to which the fetus has been exposed can be detected in meconium. These include metabolites of illicit drugs (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32) , nicotine (33), alcohol (34), analgesics, antihistamines, anesthetics, the food additive butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and heavy metals (26). One study has also measured pesticide levels in meconium (26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of organophosphate metabolites in postpartum meconium as a potential biomarker of prenatal exposure: a validation study.

Whyatt

Barr

2001

Environ Health Perspect

144

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Experimental data have linked exposure to prenatal organophosphates to adverse neurocognitive sequalae. However, epidemiologic research has been hampered by lack of reliable dosimeters. Existing biomarkers reflect short-term exposure only. Measurements of pesticides in postpartum meconium may yield a longer-term dosimeter of prenatal exposure. As the initial step in biomarker validation, this research determined background levels, detection limits, and stabilities of six organophosphate metabolites in meconium: diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP), diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), and dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP). Calibration curves were also constructed. The meconium was collected from 20 newborns at New York Presbyterian Hospital; analyses were undertaken at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). DEP was detected in 19/20 samples (range 0.8-3.2 microg/g) and DETP was detected in 20/20 (range 2.0-5.6 microg/g). DMP and DEDTP were each detected in 1/20 (at 16 and 1.8 microg/g, respectively). DMTP and DMDTP were not detected. Detection limits were comparable to or lower than those in urine; levels were similar to those seen in adult urine in population-based research. Metabolites were stable at room temperature over 12 hr. Calibration curves were linear over the range tested (0.5-400 microg/g); recoveries ranged from 18% to 66%. Using isotope dilution, recoveries of each analyte in individual samples can be corrected automatically based on the recovery of the respective stable isotope-labeled analogue, making this method fully quantitative. Results indicate that measurements of organophosphate metabolites in meconium have promise as biomarkers of prenatal exposure. Further research is needed to determine the time frame of exposure represented by pesticide levels in meconium and to evaluate the dose-response relationship.

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Measurement of gestational cocaine exposure: Sensitivity of infants' hair, meconium, and urine

Cited by 108 publications

References 13 publications

Prenatal cocaine exposures and dose-related cocaine effects on infant tone and behavior

Prenatal cocaine exposures and dose-related cocaine effects on infant tone and behavior

Level of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development: Modifying Effects of Caregiver, Early Intervention, and Birth Weight

Measurement of organophosphate metabolites in postpartum meconium as a potential biomarker of prenatal exposure: a validation study.

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