The cost of building a particle accelerator is a major capital investment. Commissioning should be swift and the subsequent exploitation of a facility must provide an effective return. This return may be difficult to quantify unambiguously but generally acceptable measures of performance can be established. These measures might include: machine availability; integrated luminosity; protons on target; beam hours to users and so on. The role of accelerator operations is to maximize the performance of an accelerator or accelerator complex by: minimizing downtime; maximizing the amount of beam delivered to the users; fully optimizing the quality of beam delivered to the users; and doing it all safely. Accelerators and the control of particles beams have advanced considerably over recent years. There is deep understanding of particle dynamics, innovative measurement techniques, in-depth simulation and modelling, and widespread leverage of Coordinated by M. Lamont.