Measurement of Heat Flux From Fires

Lam, Cecilia S.; Brown, Alexander L.; Weckman, Elizabeth J.; Gill, Walter

doi:10.1115/ht-fed2004-56896

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The potential applications for micro-machined thermopile structures span over a wide range of devices: from heat flux sensors [5,6], cooling chips for electronics, to energy scavenging (also referred to as energy harvesting) technology [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A PCB-like process for vertically configured thermopiles

Lindeberg

Yousef

Rödjegård

et al. 2008

J. Micromech. Microeng.

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Thermopiles are important components in infrared thermal detectors, thermoelectric generators and thermoelectric coolers. We present a thermopile structure with up to 224 vertically arranged thermocouple legs in a polyimide flex material. The thermopile is optimized for infrared thermal radiation detection and is fabricated using printed circuit board-like (PCB-like) processing. Each thermoelectric leg consists of a bundle of a few hundred sub-micrometre-sized strands of either antimony or nickel. These metal wire bundles were achieved by employing ion track technology on the polyimide foil, resulting in a porous dielectric material. Electrochemical methods were used to grow the thermoelectric materials in the pores. The plating mask was produced in a laminated dry photoresist. A small metal cross section, 20 µm 2 (1 vol%), ensured a low heat exchange between the two surfaces of the flex. The typical resistance per thermocouple was 34 . A responsivity to irradiance of 4.3 V mm 2 W −1 was measured when heating with a white light source (irradiance 1 mW mm −2 ).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A PCB-like process for vertically configured thermopiles

Lindeberg

Yousef

Rödjegård

et al. 2008

J. Micromech. Microeng.

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“…The measurement was inferred from the response of a thermocouple embedded in a radiative flux gauge (see Lam et al, 2004). This instrument involves two well characterized metal plates between which an insulating material of known properties is placed.…”

Section: C/mf Total Heat Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation predictions of a 13 m/s cross-wind fire for Fuego and the University of Waterloo dataset.

Brown¹,

Evans

Gill³

et al. 2008

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Detailed herein are the results of a validation comparison. The experiment involved a 2 meter diameter liquid pool of Jet-A fuel in a 13 m/s crosswind. The scenario included a large cylindrical blocking object just down-stream of the fire. It also included seven smaller calorimeters and extensive instrumentation. The experiments were simulated with Fuego. The model included several conduction regions to model the response of the calorimeters, the floor, and the large cylindrical blocking object. A blind comparison was used to compare the simulation predictions with the experimental data. The more upstream data compared very well with the simulation predictions. The more downstream data did not compare very well with the simulation predictions. Further investigation suggests that features omitted from the original model contributed to the discrepancies. Observations are made with respect to the scenario that are aimed at helping an analyst approach a comparable problem in a way that may help improve the potential for quantitative accuracy. 3 AcknowledgementsThe experimental work described herein is a result of funding through the Weapon System Engineering Certification Program (C6).The experiments were performed thanks to an extensive effort by Elizabeth Weckman at the University of Waterloo, and her team of scientists including Cecilia Lam, Eerik Randsalu, Jennifer Weisinger, Chad Young, Gord Hitchman, Mike Hitchman, and Andy Barber. We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and long hours invested by the team to ensure the successful completion of the cross-wind fire experiments. We also acknowledge the help provided by Chuck Hanks setting up the tests and the data acquisition, and Richard Simpson. Richard provided data acquisition, photographic, and experimental design expertise. His blood and sweat are appreciated.The calculations are a result of an extensive effort that goes beyond the authors of this report. The Fuego development team, including Stefan Domino, Greg Wagner, and James Sutherland has been very helpful in reviewing code input and providing suggestions on how to design the tests. They are also responsible for maintaining and verifying the code, which has been performed remarkably well. Sheldon Tieszen and Amalia Black have also provided useful suggestions on modeling methods and general use of the Fuego code.Mary White and Michael Borden contributed to the generation of calculation meshes. Their contributions were important to the success of the project.ACS funding of this endeavor is gratefully acknowledged through the Advanced Deployment program.4

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Measurement of Heat Flux From Fires

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

A PCB-like process for vertically configured thermopiles

A PCB-like process for vertically configured thermopiles

Validation predictions of a 13 m/s cross-wind fire for Fuego and the University of Waterloo dataset.

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