Measurement of Particle Sizes in Polydispersed Systems by Means of Light Transmission Measurements Combined with Differential Settling

Gumprecht, R.O.; Sliepcevich, C. M.

doi:10.1021/j150502a020

Cited by 44 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Transmitted Back-scattered Forward-scattered Agrawal et al (2008) Implied 0 <10 Bilro et al 2010180 Campbell et al (2005)*180 Fugate and Friedrichs (2002) Angle not defined Green and Boon (1993)* >150 Guillén et al (2000)*Angle not defined Gumprecht and Sliepcevich (1953) Angle not defined Jansson (1992) Implied 0 12 Morais et al (2006)*Angle not defined Pavanelli and Bigi (2005)* 90 Sadar (2004, p.8) 180 Sadar (2004, p.9) Implied 0 140 Xu (1997)*…”

Section: Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the principles of turbidity measurement

Kitchener

Wainwright

Parsons

2017

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

110

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Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Turbidity of water due to the presence suspended sediment is measured and interpreted in a variety of ways, which can lead to the misinterpretation of data. This paper re-examines the physics of lightscattering in water, and exposes the extent to which the reporting of turbidity data is inconsistent. It is proposed that the cause of this inconsistency is the fact that the accepted turbidity standards USEPA Method 180.1, ISO 7027 and GLI Method 2 are mutually inconsistent, as these standards give rise to a large number of measurement units that are not based on the optical properties of light absorption and scattering by suspensions in water, but by the arbitrary definition of the degree of turbidity being due to a concentration of formazin or other similar polymerbased calibration standard. It is then proposed that all turbidity-measuring devices should be calibrated with precise optical attenuators such as ND filters. Such calibration would allow for the definition of a beam attenuation coefficient (BAC) for every turbidity measuring instrument which would be cross-comparable with any other instrument calibrated in the same way.The units for turbidity measurements should be based on attenuation and reported as dB m-1. It is also proposed that a new standard should be drafted according to this attenuation-based method, and this new standard should also define the nomenclature for reporting data collected at any specific scattering angle in terms of an attenuation in dB m-1. The importance of multi-parameter turbidity measurements for the improvement of the quality of turbidity data, and the application of parameter-rich data sets to new methods of sediment characterization are discussed. It is suggested that more research into multi-parameter turbidity measurements is needed, as these new methods will facilitate an increase in parity between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC), a relationship that is subjective.http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/PiPG Progress in Physical Geography 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Turbidity of water due to the presence suspended sediment is measured and interpreted in a variety of 2 ways, which can lead to the misinterpretation of data. This paper re-examines the physics of light-3 sc...

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Section: Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the principles of turbidity measurement

Kitchener

Wainwright

Parsons

2017

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

110

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“…According to Stokes' law, the sedimentation rate of emulsion particles is a function of their diameters . Sedimentation rates of emulsion particles can be quantified turbidimetrically (18) . Because paraffin oil particles emulsified with albumin do not sediment spontaneously, heavy particles were prepared by emulsifying fluorochemical liquid, density 1 .74, (3M Co ., St. Paul, Minn .)…”

Section: Estimation Of Particle Size By Settling Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Studies of Phagocytosis

Stossel

1973

The Journal of Cell Biology

189

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Kinetic analysis of the initial ingestion rate of albumin-coated paraffin oil particles by human granulocytes and rabbit alveolar macrophages was undertaken to study the mechanism of action of cations and of heat-labile opsonin on engulfment . The rate of uptake of the particles was stimulated by Ca++ Mg++ Mn++, or Co++ . At high concentrations (> 20 HIM) Ca++ and Mg++ inhibited the rate of ingestion . Treatment of the particles with fresh serum (heat-labile opsonin) also stimulated the rate of ingestion . 126 I -labeled C3 was bound to the particles during opsonization . C3-deficient human serum lacked opsonic activity, which was restored by addition of purified C3 . Normal, C2-deficient, and hereditary angioneurotic edema sera had equivalent opsonic activity . The serum opsonic activity thus involved C3 fixation to the particles by means of the properdin system . Although Mg++ and heat-labile opsonin both accelerated the maximal rates of ingestion of the particles, neither altered the particle concentrations associated with one-half maximal ingestion rates . Opsonization of the particles markedly diminished the concentrations of divalent cations causing both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on ingestion rates and altered the shapes of the cation activation curves . 43 Ca was not bound to the particles during opsonization . The results are consistent with a mechanism whereby divalent cations and heat-labile opsonin activate ingestion by stimulating the work of engulfment rather than by merely enhancing cell-particle affinity, and whereby heat-labile opsonin acts by potentiating the effects of divalent cations. 346Early in this century it was appreciated that fresh serum (1) and divalent cations (2) enhanced the ingestion of particles by mammalian phagocytes . Observations on the morphology of ingestion revealed that the phagocytes spread over the surfaces of particles, maintaining intimate contact with them during engulfment (3) . Explanation for the action of opsonins and of divalent cations on this spreading process was sought in their effects on particle surface wettability and charge, and alterations in particle surfaces that facilitated spreading and deformability by the phagocytes were predicted to accelerate phagocytosis (4-7) . These early theories considered the phagocytes as relatively passive subjects of physical forces . More recent work has shown that phagocytosis requires energy expenditure by the cell (8), and that contractile activity, dependent upon hydrolysis of ATP, may regulate mobility of single cells in general (9) . Therefore, it is possible that particles may elicit spreading by acting on a contractile mechanism, and that opsonins and divalent cations stimulate this process .Ingestion must be studied with intact cells, thus complicating characterization of its basis . Kinetic studies of particle uptake represent one approach to this problem . This report presents kinetic characteristics concerning the interactions of particles, cations, and heat-labile serum opsonin on ingestio...

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“…The theoretical background is essentially Stokes' law of settling. GUMPRECHT and SLIEPCEVICH (1953) have made an interesting application of this law. By means of light transmission measurements combined with differential settling they stuhed particle sizes in polydispersed systems consisting of non-absorbing spherical particles.…”

Section: Sedimentation In the Water Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Particulate Matter in the Sea as Determined by Means of the Tyndall Meter

Jerlov¹

1955

Tellus

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The Tyndall scattering has been studied for different material occurring in the sea, such as minerogenic matter, calcareous matter, and some marine organisms. It is shown that the scattering is proportional to the total surface of the particles provided that they are larger than 2 μ. This relationship is practically independent of the concentration. The size distribution of particles in marine waters is discussed with a view to estimate the amount of matter removable by sedimentation.

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Measurement of Particle Sizes in Polydispersed Systems by Means of Light Transmission Measurements Combined with Differential Settling

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

A review of the principles of turbidity measurement

A review of the principles of turbidity measurement

Quantitative Studies of Phagocytosis

The Particulate Matter in the Sea as Determined by Means of the Tyndall Meter

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