Measurement of particulate matter size, concentration and mass emissions from in-use heavy duty vehicles

Byers, Richard J.

doi:10.33915/etd.1043

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These include air intake and exhalation rates, methods of inhalation, relative humidity and geometry of the airways. These parameters vary between individuals and hence it is impossible to accurately predict the deposition of PM in the lungs [9].…”

Section: Health Related Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thick brown smog is typical among many urban skylines and is becoming more and more severe due to the ever increasing transportation. The ever increasing number of vehicles is one of the major sources of air pollution [9]. Pollutants include regulated emissions of CO, NO x , HC, PM and unregulated pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Investigation of Diesel PM Particle Morphology Using TEM and SEM

Vedula¹

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This research investigates the effect of engine load and combustion mode on the size, shape and microstructure of PM particles of two diesel engines using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and electron microscopes including scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The effect of engine load on the morphology of PM particle was investigated using a 2004 MACK MP7-355E heavy-duty diesel engine. The effect of combustion mode on the morphology of the PM particles was preliminarily examined using 2005 Opel 1.9 L light-duty diesel engine. The SEM images were processed using ImageJ V: 1.44o software to obtain a set of parameters based on the projected area. These include the maximum length, maximum width, project area equivalent diameter, shape descriptor, fractal dimension, and the size of primary PM particles. The TEM images were processed to obtain the micro-structure and chemical composition of PM particles. The SEM images obtained in this research revealed the diverse morphology of PM particles formed in heavy-duty diesel engine. The operation at low load tends to form small sphere-like PM particles compared to medium and high load operation featured with large and chain-like PM particles. The projected area equivalent diameter of PM particles observed was in the range of 43.7 to 167.4 nm and 66.4 to 688 nm for operation at 20% and 100% load respectively. The PM particles smaller than 43 nm observed using SMPS were not observed using SEM methods. The projected area equivalent diameter of PM particles from the light duty engine during PCCI mode was smaller in size compared to the PM particles observed under normal operation. The fractal dimension of this heavy-duty diesel engine observed was 1.82, indicating spherical PM particles. The fractal dimension for the light duty engine was 1.65 and 1.7 for the traditional diesel and PCCI mode, respectively, indicating more spherical particles during PCCI mode. The TEM images were processed to obtain the compositions and microstructure of the PM particles. The PM particles observed contain mainly carbon as well as inorganic and metallic elements such as Ca, Mg, Zn, P and Si from engine oil, Al and Fe from engine wear, and S from fuel and lubricating oil. The compositions of PM particles were also found to vary significantly from particle to particle observed under identical operating conditions indicating the random burning of lubrication oil droplets and its effect on the formation of PM particles. The microstructure of primary particles from the heavy duty diesel engine exhibited two types of

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Section: Health Related Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of Diesel PM Particle Morphology Using TEM and SEM

Vedula¹

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“…The damage done by PM to the human respiratory system depends upon factors including the number of particles, size, and total mass. The effects associated with these parameters include reduced lung function, general respiratory problems and even death [13].…”

Section: Health Effects Of Pmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three diseases associated with exposure to PM include asthma, bronchitis, and cancer [13]. PM not only can worsen a preexisting asthma condition, but can also initiate asthma problems in people who have had no previous condition.…”

Section: Health Effects Of Pmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small engine emissions testing laboratory development and emissions sampling system verification

Seward¹

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With the recent scrutiny of engine emissions and a focus towards higher fuel efficiencies, there has been an increase in demand for small, efficient engines and small engine emissions testing. Small engines have proven to provide high efficiency performance for systems including refrigeration units, generators, compressors and numerous other off-road applications. In the past, the existing emissions testing facilities at West Virginia University's (WVU) Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions (CAFEE) have been focused towards the testing of heavy duty diesel engines. In order to expand the emissions testing capabilities at CAFEE, a new small engine emissions testing laboratory was needed. Over a two year period a new small engine emissions laboratory (SEEL) was designed and built at CAFEE's Westover facility. The new SEEL used a 40 hp alternating current (AC) dynamometer with an in-line slip ring torque sensor. It included full dynamometer and engine cooling capabilities. Custom built software provided the control algorithms to allow for engine mapping, steady state, and transient emissions tests. Safety systems including shaft guards and an automatic kill switch provided a safe working environment and would isolate damage in case of a mechanical failure. The SEEL was designed to be used with existing raw and dilute emissions sampling systems. The raw emissions sampling system was recently developed at WVU and needed to be verified against a trusted dilute emissions sampling system in order to prepare it for testing with the SEEL. A set of tests were performed which included simultaneous sampling of one engine iii by both sampling systems. The results from these tests showed that raw sampling system CO, CO 2 , and NO x passed their verification criteria of 2%, 2%, and 5% difference respectfully. The HC measurement systems did not pass the 10% verification criteria. The verification of HC was a complex issue that was beyond the scope of this study. vi

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Analysis of particulate matter concentration and size distribution in heavy-duty vehicle exhaust emissions

Xu¹

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Measurement of particulate matter size, concentration and mass emissions from in-use heavy duty vehicles

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

An Investigation of Diesel PM Particle Morphology Using TEM and SEM

An Investigation of Diesel PM Particle Morphology Using TEM and SEM

Small engine emissions testing laboratory development and emissions sampling system verification

Analysis of particulate matter concentration and size distribution in heavy-duty vehicle exhaust emissions

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